Long-chain fatty acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
High Level ◽  
Enteroendocrine System ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
Fatty Acid Sensing

The gastrointestinal tract actively responds to the presence of nutrients in the lumen, and there is a high level of specificity to these responses. This specificity exists for different nutrient types and anatomical regions, with physiologically appropriate target end-organ responses. This review will journey from outlining the effects of dietary fat on digestive function and feeding behaviour to the evidence for lipid sensory cells, particularly the enteroendocrine system, in the epithelium. It will also outline potential molecular bases for these mechanisms. This will deal exclusively with issues specific to fatty acid sensing and not the emergent acid pH-sensing mechanisms that may also be activated in the presence of free fatty acids.

scholarly journals Nutrition, physical activity and health status in Europe: an overview

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3a) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

AbstractIntroduction:The European diet is characterized by a wide variation in every aspect of eating from the timing of meals to the composition of meals. In general, there is a tendency in terms of dietary advice towards lower fat intakes in order to reduce saturated fatty acid intake and to reduce the risk of obesity. Such diets are most successful and yield the most favourable metabolic profile when there is an adequate level of physical activity.Obective:The aim of the present paper was to explore how the composition of dietary fat changes across the EU with low- and high-fat diets and to explore levels of physical activity and attitudes to physical activity across the EU.Design:The paper draws on data contained in reports and supplements of the Institute of European Food Studies in the EU.Results:There is a clear trend for southern EU states to have higher MUFA intakes and lower SFA intakes than northern EU states. However, for both geographic regions, the fatty acid composition of dietary fat was similar in groups with lower or higher dietary fat intakes. Physical activity was ranked low by consumers (n = 15,000) for its importance in relation to health and the prevention of weight-gain. Some 47% agreed that their present level of physical activity is sufficient. 78% agreed that being 13 kg heavier would not be detrimental to health and 30% agreed that the main benefit of physical activity was to relieve stress.Conclusions:(i) The present strategy of lowering dietary fat intake does not alter dietary fat composition and (ii) there is a high level of ignorance among consumers of the benefits of physical activity and the adverse effects of excess body-weight.

scholarly journals Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of very long chain fatty acid-derived chemicals

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Yongjin J. Zhou ◽  
Leonie Wenning ◽  
Quanli Liu ◽  
Anastasia Krivoruchko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Production ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Production of chemicals and biofuels through microbial fermentation is an economical and sustainable alternative for traditional chemical synthesis. Here we present the construction of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform strain for high-level production of very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-derived chemicals. Through rewiring the native fatty acid elongation system and implementing a heterologous Mycobacteria FAS I system, we establish an increased biosynthesis of VLCFAs in S. cerevisiae. VLCFAs can be selectively modified towards the fatty alcohol docosanol (C22H46O) by expressing a specific fatty acid reductase. Expression of this enzyme is shown to impair cell growth due to consumption of VLCFA-CoAs. We therefore implement a dynamic control strategy for separating cell growth from docosanol production. We successfully establish high-level and selective docosanol production of 83.5 mg l−1 in yeast. This approach will provide a universal strategy towards the production of similar high value chemicals in a more scalable, stable and sustainable manner.

scholarly journals Activation of Short and Long Chain Fatty Acid Sensing Machinery in the Ileum Lowers Glucose Productionin Vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 291 (16) ◽  
pp. 8816-8824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melika Zadeh-Tahmasebi ◽  
Frank A. Duca ◽  
Brittany A. Rasmussen ◽  
Paige V. Bauer ◽  
Clémence D. Côté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Sensing

scholarly journals New Frontiers in Gut Nutrient Sensor Research: Free Fatty Acid Sensing in the Gastrointestinal Tract

2010 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Miyauchi ◽  
Akira Hirasawa ◽  
Atsuhiko Ichimura ◽  
Takafumi Hara ◽  
Gozoh Tsujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Sensing

The long chain fatty acid oleate activates mouse intestinal afferent nerves in vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Andrew Webster ◽  
Michael J. Beyak
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract serve an important nutrient-sensing function, and these signals contribute to satiety. Detection of nutrients occurs largely through the release of mediators from specialized enteroendocrine cells within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. The signaling pathways leading to vagal afferent activation are not clear; however, previous in-vivo studies have implicated a role for cholecystokinin (CCK). We used an in vitro intestinal afferent extracellular recording preparation to study the effect of luminal perfusion of the long chain fatty acid oleate on mouse intestinal afferent activity. Oleate activated intestinal afferents in a concentration-dependent fashion, with an EC50 value of approximately 25 mmol/L. The L-type calcium channel blocker nicardipine attenuated the effect of oleate. Vagotomy resulted in a significant (>60%) reduction of the responses to both oleate and CCK. The CCK-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide nearly abolished responses to CCK and oleate. Our experiments therefore suggest that oleate activates intestinal afferents, with vagal afferents primarily involved; however, nonvagal fibres also contribute. The activation is dependent on CCK release, likely via activation of L-type channels on mucosal enteroendocrine cells, finally resulting in activation of CCK-1 receptors on the afferent terminals.

Dynamics of fatty acid regulatory genes during ovarian development in Penaeus monodon

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pacharawan Deenarn ◽  
Punsa Tobwor ◽  
Rungnapa Leelatanawit ◽  
Somjai Wongtriphop ◽  
Jutatip Khudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Eyestalk Ablation ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Expression Levels

The delay in ovarian maturation in farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has resulted in the widespread practice of feeding broodstock with the polychaetes Perinereis nuntia and their unilateral eyestalk ablation. Although this practice alters fatty acid content in shrimp ovaries and hepatopancreas, its effects on fatty acid regulatory genes have yet to be systematically examined. Here, microarray analysis was performed on hepatopancreas and ovary cDNA collected from P. monodon at different ovarian maturation stages, revealing that 72 and 58 genes in fatty acid regulatory pathways were differentially expressed in hepatopancreas and ovaries respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ovarian maturation was associated with higher expression levels of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA oxidase 3 and long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 in hepatopancreas, whereas the expression levels of 15 fatty acid regulatory genes were increased in shrimp ovaries. To distinguish the effects of different treatments, transcriptional changes were examined in P. monodon with stage 1 ovaries before polychaete feeding, after one-month of polychaete feeding and after eyestalk ablation. Polychaete feeding resulted in lower expression levels of enoyl-CoA hydratase and acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4, while the expression level of phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 was higher in shrimp hepatopancreas and ovaries. Additionally, eyestalk ablation resulted in a higher expression level of long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 in both tissues. Together, our findings describe the dynamics of fatty acid regulatory pathways during crustacean ovarian development and provide potential target genes for alternatives to eyestalk ablation in the future.

Comparison of Dietary Fat Intake Using Food Records vs. RBC Fatty Acid Biomarkers in a Multiethnic Population—The Federal Women Study

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1893-P
Author(s):  
AMBER B. COURVILLE ◽  
SHANNA BERNSTEIN ◽  
MIRELLA GALVAN-DE LA CRUZ ◽  
ANTHONY ONUZURUIKE ◽  
NIRUPA R. MATTHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
Fatty Acid Biomarkers

Effects of Added Dietary Fat on Fatty Acid Composition and Carcass Characteristics of Fattening Steers

1961 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Edwards ◽  
S. B. Tove ◽  
T. N. Blumer ◽  
E. R. Barrick
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics

ANTICYTOKINE ACTIVITY OF THE PROTOZOA BLASTOCYSTIS SPP

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Bugero N.V. ◽  
Ilyina N.A. ◽  
Aleksandrova S.M.
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Cytokine Balance ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
High Degree

In addition to the classical pathogens, which are well understood and well identified, new pathogens with the potential to spread epidemiologically are being identified. Some of these little-known organisms are the simplest Blastocystis spp. blastocystostosis. The clinical significance of Blastocystis spp. and its pathogenicity are still under discussion. This parasite belongs to a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms living in the colon of the human intestine. Blastocystis spp. is known to be found both in people with reduced immune status and in individuals without any clinical manifestation. It has been established that a sufficiently high degree of invasiveness is observed in persons with gastrointestinal tract diseases, dermatosis, allergic reactions, in patients with carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus, etc. Possessing persistence factors, protozoa blastocysts contribute to the inactivation of host defensive mechanisms, providing a stable anthogonistic effect. In recent years, many works have been devoted to the characteristics of the persistent properties of Blastocystis spr., however, individual properties of blastocysts, in particular, anticytokine activity (ACA), have not yet been studied. In this regard, the work studied the anticytokine activity of microorganisms isolated from healthy subjects and patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases. A high prevalence of the studied characteristic in the subjects was shown. The expression of anticytokine activity in the obtained isolates of blastocysts was the highest in the group of persons with gastric ulcer disease, which decreased in the order of duodenal ulcer, chronic cholecystitis, chronic gastritis, etc. The data obtained in this work on the high level of ACA expression in blastocyst isolates obtained from individuals with gastrointestinal diseases as compared with the control group enables to conclude that their exometabolites may influence the local cytokine balance [1], which supports the inflammatory process.

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