Toll and Toll-like receptors in Drosophila

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bilak ◽  
S. Tauszig-Delamasure ◽  
J.-L. Imler
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Toll Receptor ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Mammalian Tlrs

The Drosophila Toll receptor controls the immune response to Gram-positive bacteria and fungi by activating a signalling pathway partially conserved throughout evolution. The Drosophila genome encodes eight additional Toll-related receptors, most of which appear to carry out developmental rather than immune functions. One exception may be Toll-9, which shares structural and functional similarities with mammalian TLRs.

Corrigendum to “The immune response after stimulation with wall components of gram-positive bacteria and fungi” [Immunol. Lett. 159 (1–2) (2014) 23–29]

2014 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Evdoxia Tsigou ◽  
Stavros Aloizos ◽  
Pavlos Myrianthefs ◽  
Stavros Gourgiotis ◽  
Athanassios Tsakris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Wall Components

The immune response after stimulation with wall components of gram-positive bacteria and fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 159 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdoxia Tsigou ◽  
Aloizos Stavros ◽  
Myrianthefs Pavlos ◽  
Gourgiotis Stavros ◽  
Tsakris Athanassios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Wall Components

Colonisation of finfish substrate inhabited by black soldier fly larvae by blow flies, bacteria, and fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bernard ◽  
J. Villazana ◽  
A. Alyokhin ◽  
J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Abundance ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) can be used for recycling a wide variety of organic wastes. However, these wastes are also suitable for colonisation by pest fly species, including the blow fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and by pathogenic microorganisms. We tested effects of the presence of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on recruitment and retention of blow fly larvae, as well as on composition and dynamics of microbial communities in finfish-based substrates. Substrates inhabited by BSFL contained approximately one-tenth of the L. sericata pupae found in the control substrate even when BSFL were removed prior to the introduction of gravid L. sericata females. Furthermore, almost three-quarters of L. sericata released into substrates previously colonised by BSFL emigrated within 24 h, while no such emigration was detected for the control substrates. Unlike previous studies, bacterial community was heavily dominated by Gram-positive species. Overall bacterial abundance on BSFL substrates declined approximately two-fold compared to the control substrate, while fungal abundance increased. However, surviving microbial communities were still robust and diverse, and continued to be dominated by Gram-positive bacteria. On the other hand, Gram-negative Shigella sonnei, which is a common cause of diarrhoea in humans, was more than 200 times less abundant in BSFL substrates compared to the control throughout the experiment. Repellent and antibiotic properties observed in this study are advantageous for using BSFL in remediation of finfish wastes. However, additional treatment of remaining residue may still be necessary to eliminate all biological contamination.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Characterization of Erythorbyl Laurate for Practical Applications in Food and Cosmetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jin-Woo Kim ◽  
Hyunjong Yu ◽  
Kyung-Min Park ◽  
Pahn-Shick Chang
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Multifunctional Additive ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

In this study, antimicrobial spectrum of erythorbyl laurate (EL) against bacteria and fungi, leading to food-borne and infectious skin diseases, was evaluated for its practical applications in food and cosmetics. Furthermore, the influences of environmental factors including pH, oxidative stress, and dispersion medium on antimicrobial activity of EL were investigated. The three Gram-positive bacteria and the three molds were susceptible to 3.0 mM EL, while the yeast was susceptible to 6.0 mM EL. It was demonstrated EL retained antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after being oxidized while the antibacterial activity against the three Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes was significantly enhanced as decrease of pH from 7.0 to 5.0. Moreover, EL exhibited bactericidal effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in an oil-in-water emulsion. Treatment of 5.0 mM EL for 4 h reduced 5.29 ± 0.24, 6.01 ± 0.18, 5.95 ± 0.13, and 6.24 ± 0.30 log CFU/mL against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, respectively. In a multipassage resistance selection study, it was observed minimum inhibitory concentrations of EL against S. aureus were not increased over 20 passages, indicating EL might not develop drug resistance of bacteria. This study suggests EL has a potential to be applied as the multifunctional additive in food and cosmetics.

Contribution of Toll-like receptors to the innate immune response to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1574-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Elson ◽  
Irène Dunn-Siegrist ◽  
Bruno Daubeuf ◽  
Jérome Pugin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Innate recognition of bacteria is a key step in the activation of inflammation and coagulation, and it is dependent on pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) ligation to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CD14. The dominant receptors activated when cells encounter a whole bacterium, which express several PAMPs, are poorly defined. Herein, we have stimulated various human cells with prototypic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Receptor-dependent responses to whole bacteria were assessed using both TLR-transfected cells and specific monoclonal antibodies against TLRs, MD-2, and CD14. Enterobacteria-activated leukocytes and endothelial cells in a TLR4/MD-2–dependent manner, most likely via lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR2 activation was observed with a high bacterial inoculum, and in epithelial cells expressing TLR2 but not TLR4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa stimulated cells by both TLR2 and TLR4/MD-2. Gram-positive bacteria activated cells only at high concentrations, in a partially TLR2-dependent but TLR4/MD-2–independent manner. Either TLR or CD14 neutralization blocked activation to all bacterial strains tested with the exception of some Gram-positive strains in whole blood in which partial inhibition was noted. This study identifies dominant TLRs involved in responses to whole bacteria. It also validates the concept that host cell activation by bacterial pathogens can be therapeutically reduced by anti-TLR4, -TLR2, and -CD14 mAbs.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Cyclohexane Tosyloxyimine Derivative

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Shoaib M
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Sulfonyl Chloride ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
Candida Pseudotropicalis

Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance, functionally substituted cyclohexane derivatives are being explored as potential antimicrobial agents. Reaction of diethyl 4 - hydroxy - 6 - (hyd - roxyimino) - 4 - methyl - 2 - phenylcyclohexane - 1,3 - dicarboxylate with 4 - toluene sulfonyl chloride in boiling acetone in the presence of equimolar triethylamine resulted in formation of diethyl - 4 - hydroxy - 4 - methyl - 2 - phenyl - 6 - ((tosyloxy)imino) cyclohexane - 1,3 - dicarboxylate. The structure of novel compound was characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra and elemental analysis was performed. Agar well diffusion assay was used to screen novel compound against Gram - positive bacteria, Gram - negative bacteria and fungi. Test compound showed better antimicrobial properties against Gram - negative bac teria as compared to Gram - positive bacteria and fungi. Acinetobacter baumannii BDU - 32 was found to be most sensitive bacteria while Candida pseudotropicalis BDU MA88 was found to be most sensitive yeast.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Biophotonic Treatment of Ampicillin-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Hypericin and Ampicillin Cotreatment Followed by Orange Light

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seemi Tasnim Alam ◽  
Tram Anh Ngoc Le ◽  
Jin-Soo Park ◽  
Hak Cheol Kwon ◽  
Kyungsu Kang
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is an alarming global issue that requires alternative antimicrobial methods to which there is no resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a well-known method to combat this problem for many pathogens, especially Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Hypericin and orange light APDT efficiently kill Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the yeast Candida albicans. Although Gram-positive bacteria and many fungi are readily killed with APDT, Gram-negative bacteria are difficult to kill due to their different cell wall structures. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important opportunistic, life-threatening Gram-negative pathogens. However, it cannot be killed successfully by hypericin and orange light APDT. P. aeruginosa is ampicillin resistant, but we hypothesized that ampicillin could still damage the cell wall, which can promote photosensitizer uptake into Gram-negative cells. Using hypericin and ampicillin cotreatment followed by orange light, a significant reduction (3.4 log) in P. aeruginosa PAO1 was achieved. P. aeruginosa PAO1 inactivation and gut permeability improvement by APDT were successfully shown in a Caenorhabditis elegans model.

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