Unravelling chlorophyll catabolism in higher plants

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kräutler
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Chlorophyll Catabolites

Chlorophyll metabolism is probably the most visible manifestation of life. In spite of this, chlorophyll catabolism has remained something of a mystery until about 10 years ago. At that time, the first non-green tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll breakdown products from higher plants were discovered, and the structure of the first one of them was elucidated by modern spectroscopic methods. In the meantime, the essential structural features of chlorophyll catabolites and some of the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants have been uncovered, as outlined in this article.

The higher plant PII signal transduction protein: structure, function and properties

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg B.G. Moorhead ◽  
Tony S. Ferrar ◽  
Yan M. Chen ◽  
Yutaka Mizuno ◽  
Catherine S. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Binding Partner ◽  
Signal Transduction Protein ◽  
Metabolic Sensor ◽  
Nitrogen Sensing ◽  
Over 40 Years

The PII carbon/nitrogen sensing protein was discovered in Escherichia coli (Migula 1895) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, over 40 years ago. Orthologues have been discovered in three kingdoms of life making it one of the most ancient and conserved signaling proteins known. Recent advances in the field have established its primary binding partner in plants as N-acetyl glutamate kinase and the crystal structure has revealed features unique to plants that likely contribute to its function in vivo. Here, we review the properties, function, and novel structural features of this chloroplast-localized metabolic sensor of higher plants.

The expression of heat-shock genes in higher plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 314 (1166) ◽  
pp. 453-468 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Heat Shock Gene ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Heat Shock Genes ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Shock Proteins

High-temperature stress or heat shock induces the vigorous synthesis of heat-shock proteins in many organisms including the higher plants. This response has been implicated in the acquisition of thermotolerance. The biological importance of a group of low-molecular-mass proteins in the response of plants is indicated by the conservation of the corresponding genes. The steady-state levels of mRNAs for these proteins shift from undetectable levels at normal temperature to about 20 000 molecules per gene in the cell after heat shock. The analysis of ‘run-off’ transcripts from isolated soybean nuclei suggests a transcriptional control of gene expression. The DNA sequence analysis of soybean heat-shock genes revealed a conservation of promoter sequences and 5'-upstream elements. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of polypeptides showed a conservation of structural features in heat-shock proteins between plants and animals. The implication of a common regulatory concept in the heat-shock response makes genes belonging to this family (15-18 kDa proteins) in soybean favourable candidates for investigating thermoregulation of transcription. We have exploited the natural gene transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce a soybean heat-shock gene into the genomes of sunflower and tobacco. The gene is thermoinducibly transcribed and transcripts are faithfully initiated in transgenic plants. Experiments are in progress to define the regulatory sequences 5'-upstream from the gene. The expression of heat-shock genes in a heterologous genetic background also provides the basis for studying the function of the proteins and their possible role in thermoprotection.

scholarly journals A new straton in the Late Devonian sedimentation in the Tsil’ma river basin of the Middle Timan

LITOSFERA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-643
Author(s):  
O. P. Tel’nova ◽  
I. Kh. Shumilov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
North East ◽  
European North ◽  
Continental Deposits ◽  
Middle Timan ◽  
Exact Position

Research subject. Terrigenous rocks of the Sargaevo stage of sedimentation in various structural-facies settings within the Tsilma area (Middle Timan). Material and methods. The composition, structural features of rocks, and the species diversity of spores of higher plants were studied in the most complete natural outcrops proposed as a stratotype of the Paladinskaya Formation – a new straton of the Sargaevo age in the Middle Timan. Over a large area of the region, the deposits contain very few remains of fossil fauna, often indifferent. As a result, palynostratigraphy was selected as the main biostratigraphic method. Results. In the Middle Timan, a new straton, the Paladinskaya Formation, is described, which characterizes the Sargaevo stage of sedimentation in various structural-facies settings within the Tsil’ma area. The new straton has clear lithological and detailed palynological characteristics; a description of the limitotypes was performed.At present, the Paladinskaya Formation is the most complete sequence of Early Frasnian sedimentation in the European North-East of Russia, where it was possible to record regional responses to the global Frasnes event and to determine the position of the controversial level of the boundary between the Middle and Upper Devonian. Conclusions. The name “Ust’e Yarega” Formation in the Middle Timan cannot be considered valid, since it is a homonym of the sediments of the same age in the South Timan. The section is represented mainly by continental, rather than marine, deposits. A new name for the identifed formation is proposed – “Paladinskaya” with a description of the stratum section and limitotype.The Paladinskaya Formation is characterized by subcomplexes of spores (А and Б) of the regional miospore zone Cristatisporites pseudodeliquescens, which made it possible to correlate the marine and continental deposits of the Early Frasnian on the territory of the entire Timan-Pechora region and establish its exact position in the stratigraphic scheme of the Devonian.

scholarly journals Structures of Chlorophyll Catabolites in Bananas (Musa acuminata)Reveal a Split Path of Chlorophyll Breakdown in a Ripening Fruit

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (35) ◽  
pp. 10873-10885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Moser ◽  
Thomas Müller ◽  
Andreas Holzinger ◽  
Cornelius Lütz ◽  
Bernhard Kräutler
Keyword(s):  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Chlorophyll Catabolites

Use of a computerized image analysis program to statistically characterize the ultrastructural features of chloroplasts

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-661
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
Christopher Pooley
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Subjective Impression ◽  
Stroma Lamellae ◽  
Analysis System

During normal plant growth, the development and structure of the chloroplast is largely influenced by genetics. However, environmental and biological conditions such as light (intensity and quality), temperature, draught, herbicides, nutrition, pollutants and pathogens also affect the ultrastructure of this organelle. As a result, fine-structural investigations of higher plants frequently describe the effects of experimental treatments on the relative size of the chloroplast, as well as on the occurrence, size and number of its internal structures, which include the starch and osmiophilic bodies and the grana and stroma lamellae. These descriptions require either a tedious examination of numerousorganelles in an effort to gain a subjective impression of the changes that have occurred or a painstaking effort of counting, measuring and averaging the various structural features to provide a statistical representation of the alterations. In an effort to gain objective data in a more efficient manner, a software program was written in Quips, a Pascal based programming language. This program, whichis used on a Cambridge Quantimet 970 image analysis system, scans the electron micrograph and assigns 256 grey levels to the structural elements. This process enables one to isolate and to measure the structural features of the chloroplast.

Chlorophyll Breakdown in Tobacco: On the Structure of Two Nonfluorescent Chlorophyll Catabolites

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Berghold ◽  
Christian Eichmüller ◽  
Stefan Hörtensteiner ◽  
Bernhard Kräutler
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Chlorophyll Catabolites

scholarly journals Chlorophyll Breakdown – How Chemistry Has Helped to Decipher a Striking Biological Enigma

Synlett ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kräutler
Keyword(s):  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Structural Chemistry ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Partial Synthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown

How the fall colors arise and how chlorophyll (Chl) breakdown occurs in higher plants has remained enigmatic until three decades ago. Fundamental insights into this fascinating puzzle have been gained, meanwhile, by basic contributions from plant biology and chemistry. This short review is a personal account of key advances from synthetic, mechanistic, and structural chemistry that led to the discovery of the bilin-type Chl catabolites and helped elucidate the metabolic processes that generated them from Chl.1 Introduction2 Discovery and Structure Elucidation of a First Non-Green Chl Catabolite3 Structure Elucidation of Fleetingly Existent Blue-Fluorescent Chl Catabolites4 The Red Chl Catabolite – Key Ring-Opened Tetrapyrrole Accessed by Partial Synthesis5 Synthesis of ‘Primary’ Fluorescent Chl Catabolites by Reduction of Red Chl Catabolite6 Nonfluorescent Chl Catabolites from Isomerization of Fluorescent Chl Catabolites7 Persistent Fluorescent Chl Catabolites and Blue-Luminescent Bananas8 Discovery, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Formation of Dioxobilin-Type Chl Catabolites9 Occurrence, Partial Synthesis, and Structure of Phyllochromobilins, the Colored Bilin-Type Chl Catabolites10 Conclusion and Outlook

scholarly journals Transcriptome Profile of the Variegated Ficus microcarpa c.v. Milky Stripe Fig Leaf

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tin-Han Shih ◽  
Szu-Hsien Lin ◽  
Meng-Yuan Huang ◽  
Wen-Dar Huang ◽  
Chi-Ming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Profile ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Core Proteins ◽  
Transcription Termination Factor ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ficus Microcarpa ◽  
Differential Expressed Gene ◽  
Photosynthetic Properties

Photosynthetic properties and transcriptomic profiles of green and white sectors of Ficus microcarpa (c.v. milky stripe fig) leaves were examined in naturally variegated plants. An anatomic analysis indicated that chloroplasts of the white sectors contained a higher abundance of starch granules and lacked stacked thylakoids. Moreover, no photosynthetic rate was detected in the white sectors. Transcriptome profile and differential expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that genes encoding PSII core proteins were down-regulated in the white sectors. In genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, no DEGs were identified in the biosynthesis pathway of chlorophyll. However, genes encoding the first step of chlorophyll breakdown were up-regulated. The repression of genes involved in N-assimilation suggests that the white sectors were deprived of N. The mutation in the transcription factor mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) suggests that it induces colorlessness in leaves of the milky stripe fig.

Stereochemistry of spongosoritins: beyond optical rotation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (45) ◽  
pp. 9772-9777
Author(s):  
Andrea N. L. Batista ◽  
Fernando M. dos Santos ◽  
Alessandra L. Valverde ◽  
Joao M. Batista
Keyword(s):  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Chiroptical Properties

A combination of spectroscopic methods reveals the dependence of the chiroptical properties of spongosoritins on achiral structural features.

scholarly journals The red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC) is an inefficient sensitizer of singlet oxygen – photochemical studies of the methyl ester of RCC

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-673
Author(s):  
Steffen Jockusch ◽  
Bernhard Kräutler
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Fluorescence Quantum Yields ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Chlorophyll Catabolite

Red chlorophyll catabolite, generated as an intermediate during chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants, is considered a phototoxic ‘pro-death molecule’. However, its singlet oxygen and fluorescence quantum yields are remarkably low.

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