Organization of transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi in higher plants

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Andreeva ◽  
H. Zheng ◽  
C. M. Saint-Jore ◽  
M. A. Kutuzov ◽  
D. E. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Green Fluorescent

In plant cells, the organization of the Golgi apparatus and its interrelationships with the endoplasmic reticulum differ from those in mammalian and yeast cells. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus can now be visualized in plant cells in vivo with green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically directed to these compartments. This makes it possible to study the dynamics of the membrane transport between these two organelles in the living cells. The GFP approach, in conjunction with a considerable volume of data about proteins participating in the transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in yeast and mammalian cells and the identification of their putative plant homologues, should allow the establishment of an experimental model in which to test the involvement of the candidate proteins in plants. As a first step towards the development of such a system, we are using Sar1, a small G-protein necessary for vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum. This work has demonstrated that the introduction of Sar1 mutants blocks the transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi in vivo in tobacco leaf epidermal cells and has therefore confirmed the feasibility of this approach to test the function of other proteins that are presumably involved in this step of endo-membrane trafficking in plant cells.

scholarly journals Synaptotagmins at the endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane contact sites maintain diacylglycerol homeostasis during abiotic stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemi Ruiz-Lopez ◽  
Jessica Pérez-Sancho ◽  
Alicia Esteban del Valle ◽  
Richard P Haslam ◽  
Steffen Vanneste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Membrane Contact Sites ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
Membrane Contact ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Abstract Endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites (ER-PM CS) play fundamental roles in all eukaryotic cells. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the ER-PM protein tether synaptotagmin1 (SYT1) exhibit decreased plasma membrane (PM) integrity under multiple abiotic stresses such as freezing, high salt, osmotic stress and mechanical damage. Here, we show that, together with SYT1, the stress-induced SYT3 is an ER-PM tether that also functions in maintaining PM integrity. The ER-PM CS localization of SYT1 and SYT3 is dependent on PM phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and is regulated by abiotic stress. Lipidomic analysis revealed that cold stress increased the accumulation of diacylglycerol at the PM in a syt1/3 double mutant relative to wild type while the levels of most glycerolipid species remain unchanged. Additionally, the SYT1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion preferentially binds diacylglycerol in vivo with little affinity for polar glycerolipids. Our work uncovers a SYT-dependent mechanism of stress adaptation counteracting the detrimental accumulation of diacylglycerol at the PM produced during episodes of abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Green fluorescent protein as a marker to investigate targeting of organellar RNA polymerases of higher plants in vivo

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Hedtke ◽  
Martin Meixner ◽  
Sabine Gillandt ◽  
Ekkehard Richter ◽  
Thomas Börner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Rna Polymerases ◽  
Green Fluorescent

scholarly journals The Positioning and Dynamics of Origins of Replication in the Budding Yeast Nucleus

2001 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Heun ◽  
Thierry Laroche ◽  
M.K. Raghuraman ◽  
Susan M. Gasser
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
G1 Phase ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Origin Firing ◽  
Green Fluorescent

We have analyzed the subnuclear position of early- and late-firing origins of DNA replication in intact yeast cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization and green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tagged chromosomal domains. In both cases, origin position was determined with respect to the nuclear envelope, as identified by nuclear pore staining or a NUP49-GFP fusion protein. We find that in G1 phase nontelomeric late-firing origins are enriched in a zone immediately adjacent to the nuclear envelope, although this localization does not necessarily persist in S phase. In contrast, early firing origins are randomly localized within the nucleus throughout the cell cycle. If a late-firing telomere-proximal origin is excised from its chromosomal context in G1 phase, it remains late-firing but moves rapidly away from the telomere with which it was associated, suggesting that the positioning of yeast chromosomal domains is highly dynamic. This is confirmed by time-lapse microscopy of GFP-tagged origins in vivo. We propose that sequences flanking late-firing origins help target them to the periphery of the G1-phase nucleus, where a modified chromatin structure can be established. The modified chromatin structure, which would in turn retard origin firing, is both autonomous and mobile within the nucleus.

Supercharged green fluorescent protein delivers HPV16E7 DNA and protein into mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo

2018 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Motevalli ◽  
Azam Bolhassani ◽  
Shilan Hesami ◽  
Sepideh Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Green Fluorescent

scholarly journals A Novel Dynamin-like Protein Associates with Cytoplasmic Vesicles and Tubules of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Mammalian Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisang Yoon ◽  
Kelly R. Pitts ◽  
Sophie Dahan ◽  
Mark A. McNiven
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Subcellular Membrane ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles ◽  
Membrane Compartment ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Abstract. Dynamins are 100-kilodalton guanosine triphosphatases that participate in the formation of nascent vesicles during endocytosis. Here, we have tested if novel dynamin-like proteins are expressed in mammalian cells to support vesicle trafficking processes at cytoplasmic sites distinct from the plasma membrane. Immunological and molecular biological methods were used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding an 80-kilodalton novel dynamin-like protein, DLP1, that shares up to 42% homology with other dynamin-related proteins. DLP1 is expressed in all tissues examined and contains two alternatively spliced regions that are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific manner. DLP1 is enriched in subcellular membrane fractions of cytoplasmic vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum. Morphological studies of DLP1 in cultured cells using either a specific antibody or an expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)- DLP1 fusion protein revealed that DLP1 associates with punctate cytoplasmic vesicles that do not colocalize with conventional dynamin, clathrin, or endocytic ligands. Remarkably, DLP1-positive structures coalign with microtubules and, most strikingly, with endoplasmic reticulum tubules as verified by double labeling with antibodies to calnexin and Rab1 as well as by immunoelectron microscopy. These observations provide the first evidence that a novel dynamin-like protein is expressed in mammalian cells where it associates with a secretory, rather than endocytic membrane compartment.

scholarly journals Light-Regulated Transcription of a Mitochondrial-Targeted K+ Channel

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2507
Author(s):  
Anja J. Engel ◽  
Laura-Marie Winterstein ◽  
Marina Kithil ◽  
Markus Langhans ◽  
Anna Moroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Channel Activity ◽  
Cryptochrome 2 ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Gfp Tag

The inner membranes of mitochondria contain several types of K+ channels, which modulate the membrane potential of the organelle and contribute in this way to cytoprotection and the regulation of cell death. To better study the causal relationship between K+ channel activity and physiological changes, we developed an optogenetic platform for a light-triggered modulation of K+ conductance in mitochondria. By using the light-sensitive interaction between cryptochrome 2 and the regulatory protein CIB1, we can trigger the transcription of a small and highly selective K+ channel, which is in mammalian cells targeted into the inner membrane of mitochondria. After exposing cells to very low intensities (≤0.16 mW/mm2) of blue light, the channel protein is detectable as an accumulation of its green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag in the mitochondria less than 1 h after stimulation. This system allows for an in vivo monitoring of crucial physiological parameters of mitochondria, showing that the presence of an active K+ channel causes a substantial depolarization compatible with the effect of an uncoupler. Elevated K+ conductance also results in a decrease in the Ca2+ concentration in the mitochondria but has no impact on apoptosis.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Nuclear Pore Distribution in Nucleoporin Mutant Yeast Cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naïma Belgareh ◽  
Valérie Doye
Keyword(s):  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Pore Distribution ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Amino Terminal Domain

To follow the dynamics of nuclear pore distribution in living yeast cells, we have generated fusion proteins between the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the yeast nucleoporins Nup49p and Nup133p. In nup133− dividing cells that display a constitutive nuclear pore clustering, in vivo analysis of GFP-Nup49p localization revealed changes in the distribution of nuclear pore complex (NPC) clusters. Furthermore, upon induction of Nup133p expression in a GAL-nup133 strain, a progressive fragmentation of the NPC aggregates was observed that in turn led to a wild-type nuclear pore distribution. To try to uncouple Nup133p- induced NPC redistribution from successive nuclear divisions and nuclear pore biogenesis, we devised an assay based on the formation of heterokaryons between nup133− mutants and cells either expressing or overexpressing Nup133p. Under these conditions, the use of GFP-Nup133p and GFP-Nup49p fusion proteins revealed that Nup133p can be rapidly targeted to the clustered nuclear pores, where its amino-terminal domain is required to promote the redistribution of preexisting NPCs.

scholarly journals Endoplasmic Reticulum Dynamics, Inheritance, and Cytoskeletal Interactions in Budding Yeast

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 854-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Fehrenbacher ◽  
D. Davis ◽  
M. Wu ◽  
I. Boldogh ◽  
Liza A. Pon
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Protein Fusion ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Green Fluorescent

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae consists of a reticulum underlying the plasma membrane (cortical ER) and ER associated with the nuclear envelope (nuclear ER). We used a Sec63p-green fluorescent protein fusion protein to study motility events associated with inheritance of cortical ER and nuclear ER in living yeast cells. During M phase before nuclear migration, we observed thick, apparently rigid tubular extensions emanating from the nuclear ER that elongate, undergo sweeping motions along the cell cortex, and shorten. Two findings support a role for microtubules in this process. First, extension of tubular structures from the nuclear ER is inhibited by destabilization of microtubules. Second, astral microtubules, structures that undergo similar patterns of extension, cortical surveillance and retraction, colocalize with nuclear ER extensions. During S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, we observed anchorage of the cortical ER at the site of bud emergence and apical bud growth. Thin tubules of the ER that extend from the anchored cortical ER display undulating, apparently random movement and move into the bud as it grows. Finally, we found that cortical ER morphology is sensitive to a filamentous actin–destabilizing drug, latrunculin-A, and to mutations in the actin-encoding ACT1 gene. Our observations support 1) different mechanisms and cytoskeletal mediators for the inheritance of nuclear and cortical ER elements and 2) a mechanism for cortical ER inheritance that is cytoskeleton dependent but relies on anchorage, not directed movement.

Green-fluorescent protein facilitates rapid in vivo detection of genetically transformed plant cells

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Elliott ◽  
J. A. Campbell ◽  
B. Dugdale ◽  
R. I. S. Brettell ◽  
C. P. L. Grof
Keyword(s):  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Green Fluorescent

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Targeting and Membrane Anchoring of a Viral Replicase in Plant and Yeast Cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (20) ◽  
pp. 10485-10496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Weber-Lotfi ◽  
André Dietrich ◽  
Marcello Russo ◽  
Luisa Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Anchor Sequence

ABSTRACT Replication of the Carnation Italian ringspot virus genomic RNA in plant cells occurs in multivesicular bodies which develop from the mitochondrial outer membrane during infection. ORF1 in the viral genome encodes a 36-kDa protein, while ORF2 codes for the 95-kDa replicase by readthrough of the ORF1 stop codon. We have shown previously that the N-terminal part of ORF1 contains the information leading to vesiculation of mitochondria and that the 36-kDa protein localizes to mitochondria. Using infection, in vivo expression of green fluorescent protein fusions in plant and yeast cells, and in vitro mitochondrial integration assays, we demonstrate here that both the 36-kDa protein and the complete replicase are targeted to mitochondria and anchor to the outer membrane with the N terminus and C terminus on the cytosolic side. Analysis of deletion mutants indicated that the anchor sequence is likely to correspond approximately to amino acids 84 to 196, containing two transmembrane domains. No evidence for a matrix-targeting presequence was found, and the data suggest that membrane insertion of the viral proteins is mediated by an import receptor-independent signal-anchor mechanism relying on the two transmembrane segments and multiple recognition signals present in the N-terminal part of ORF1.

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