Antioxidant and cytoprotective responses to redox stress

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Mathers ◽  
Jennifer A. Fraser ◽  
Michael McMahon ◽  
Robert D. C. Saunders ◽  
John D. Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Redox Stress ◽  
Redox Equilibrium ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
The Impact

Aerobic cells produce reactive oxygen species as a consequence of normal cellular metabolism, and an array of antioxidant systems are in place to maintain the redox balance. When the redox equilibrium of the cell is upset by pro-oxidant environmental stimuli, adaptive responses to the redox stress take place, which can result in up-regulation of antioxidant proteins and detoxification enzymes. Over the past few years, it has become apparent that members of the CNC (cap 'n' collar)-basic leucine zipper family of transcription factors are principal mediators of defensive responses to redox stress. In mammals, the CNC family members nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factors 1 and 2 (Nrf1 and Nrf2) have been shown to be involved in the transcriptional up-regulation of cytoprotective genes including those encoding glutamate cysteine ligase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, glutathione S-transferases and aldo-keto reductases. An evolutionarily conserved system exists in Caenorhabditis elegans, and it is possible that Drosophila melanogaster may also utilize CNC transcription factors to induce antioxidant genes in response to pro-oxidant chemicals. The advent of microarray and proteomic technologies has advanced our understanding of the gene batteries regulated by oxidative insult, but has highlighted the complexity of gene regulation by environmental factors. This review focuses on the antioxidant response to environmental stress, and the impact that microarrays and proteomics have made in this field.

scholarly journals Plant Transcription Factors Involved in Drought and Associated Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5662
Author(s):  
Maria Hrmova ◽  
Syed Sarfraz Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
The Impact

Transcription factors (TFs) play a significant role in signal transduction networks spanning the perception of a stress signal and the expression of corresponding stress-responsive genes. TFs are multi-functional proteins that may simultaneously control numerous pathways during stresses in plants—this makes them powerful tools for the manipulation of regulatory and stress-responsive pathways. In recent years, the structure-function relationships of numerous plant TFs involved in drought and associated stresses have been defined, which prompted devising practical strategies for engineering plants with enhanced stress tolerance. Vast data have emerged on purposely basic leucine zipper (bZIP), WRKY, homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip), myeloblastoma (MYB), drought-response elements binding proteins/C-repeat binding factor (DREB/CBF), shine (SHN), and wax production-like (WXPL) TFs that reflect the understanding of their 3D structure and how the structure relates to function. Consequently, this information is useful in the tailored design of variant TFs that enhances our understanding of their functional states, such as oligomerization, post-translational modification patterns, protein-protein interactions, and their abilities to recognize downstream target DNA sequences. Here, we report on the progress of TFs based on their interaction pathway participation in stress-responsive networks, and pinpoint strategies and applications for crops and the impact of these strategies for improving plant stress tolerance.

scholarly journals The impact of bZIP Atf1ortholog global regulators in fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Leiter ◽  
Tamás Emri ◽  
Klaudia Pákozdi ◽  
László Hornok ◽  
István Pócsi
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Production ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Regulation of signal transduction pathways is crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organismal development in fungi. Transcription factors are key elements of this regulatory network. The basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of the bZIP-type transcription factors is responsible for DNA binding while their leucine zipper structural motifs are suitable for dimerization with each other facilitiating the formation of homodimeric or heterodimeric bZIP proteins. This review highlights recent knowledge on the function of fungal orthologs of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Atf1, Aspergillus nidulans AtfA, and Fusarium verticillioides FvAtfA, bZIP-type transcription factors with a special focus on pathogenic species. We demonstrate that fungal Atf1-AtfA-FvAtfA orthologs play an important role in vegetative growth, sexual and asexual development, stress response, secondary metabolite production, and virulence both in human pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor circinelloides, Penicillium marneffei, and Cryptococcus neoformans and plant pathogens, like Fusarium ssp., Magnaporthe oryzae, Claviceps purpurea, Botrytis cinerea, and Verticillium dahliae. Key points • Atf1 orthologs play crucial role in the growth and development of fungi. • Atf1 orthologs orchestrate environmental stress response of fungi. • Secondary metabolite production and virulence are coordinated by Atf1 orthologs.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 expresses a microRNA-like small RNA able to selectively repress host genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (52) ◽  
pp. e2116668118
Author(s):  
Paulina Pawlica ◽  
Therese A. Yario ◽  
Sylvia White ◽  
Jianhui Wang ◽  
Walter N. Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Interferon Signaling ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Argonaute Proteins ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
The Impact

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), continues to be a pressing health concern. In this study, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on host microRNA (miRNA) populations in three human lung-derived cell lines, as well as in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2–infected individuals. We did not detect any major and consistent differences in host miRNA levels after SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, we unexpectedly discovered a viral miRNA-like small RNA, named CoV2-miR-O7a (for SARS-CoV-2 miRNA-like ORF7a-derived small RNA). Its abundance ranges from low to moderate as compared to host miRNAs and it associates with Argonaute proteins—core components of the RNA interference pathway. We identify putative targets for CoV2-miR-O7a, including Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor 2 (BATF2), which participates in interferon signaling. We demonstrate that CoV2-miR-O7a production relies on cellular machinery, yet is independent of Drosha protein, and is enhanced by the presence of a strong and evolutionarily conserved hairpin formed within the ORF7a sequence.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the bZIP Transcription Factors in the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Yuping Xu ◽  
Yongchun Wang ◽  
Huizhang Zhao ◽  
Mingde Wu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Bzip Domain ◽  
Conidial Development

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins family is one of the largest and most diverse transcription factors, widely distributed in eukaryotes. However, no information is available regarding the bZIP gene family in Coniothyrium minitans, an important biocontrol agent of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In this study, we identified 34 bZIP genes from the C. minitans genome, which were classified into 8 groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. Intron analysis showed that 28 CmbZIP genes harbored a variable number of introns, and 15 of them shared a feature that intron inserted into the bZIP domain. The intron position in bZIP domain was highly conserved, which was related to recognize the arginine (R) and could be treated as a genomic imprinting. Expression analysis of the CmbZIP genes in response to abiotic stresses indicated that they might play distinct roles in abiotic stress responses. Results showed that 22 CmbZIP genes were upregulated during the later stage of conidial development. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicated that CmbZIP genes are involved in different stages of mycoparasitism. Among deletion mutants of four CmbZIPs (CmbZIP07, -09, -13, and -16), only ΔCmbZIP16 mutants significantly reduced its tolerance to the oxidative stress. The other mutants exhibited no significant effects on colony morphology, mycelial growth, conidiation, and mycoparasitism. Taken together, our results suggested that CmbZIP genes play important roles in the abiotic stress responses, conidial development, and mycoparasitism. These results provide comprehensive information of the CmbZIP gene family and lay the foundation for further research on the bZIP gene family regarding their biological functions and evolutionary history.

scholarly journals Resistance to Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice Infected With Leishmania infantum Requires Batf3

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Soto ◽  
Laura Ramírez ◽  
José Carlos Solana ◽  
Emma C. L. Cook ◽  
Elena Hernández-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice

Unveiling the protective immune response to visceral leishmaniasis is critical for a rational design of vaccines aimed at reducing the impact caused by this fatal, if left untreated, vector-borne disease. In this study we sought to determine the role of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) in the evolution of infection with Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin and Latin America. For that, Batf3-deficient mice in C57BL/6 background were infected with an L. infantum strain expressing the luciferase gene. Bioluminescent imaging, as well as in vitro parasite titration, demonstrated that Batf3-deficient mice were unable to control hepatic parasitosis as opposed to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The impaired microbicide capacities of L. infantum-infected macrophages from Batf3-deficient mice mainly correlated with a reduction of parasite-specific IFN-γ production. Our results reinforce the implication of Batf3 in the generation of type 1 immunity against infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induction by Aberrant NRF2 Activation-Mediated Transcription Networks: Interaction of NRF2-KEAP1 Controls the Fate of Hepatocarcinogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Effi Haque ◽  
M. Rezaul Karim ◽  
Aamir Salam Teeli ◽  
Magdalena Śmiech ◽  
Paweł Leszczynski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Nrf2 Activation

NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, a master regulator of redox homeostasis regulating a variety of genes for antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. NRF2 was, therefore, initially thought to protect the liver from oxidative stress. Recent studies, however, have revealed that mutations in NRF2 cause aberrant accumulation of NRF2 in the nucleus and exert the upregulation of NRF2 target genes. Moreover, among all molecular changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), NRF2 activation has been revealed as a more prominent pathway contributing to the progression of precancerous lesions to malignancy. Nevertheless, how its activation leads to poor prognosis in HCC patients remains unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of how aberrant activation of NRF2 triggers HCC development. We also summarize the emerging roles of other NRF family members in liver cancer development.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of BATF regulates DNA binding: a novel mechanism for AP-1 (activator protein-1) regulation

2003 ◽  
Vol 374 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. DEPPMANN ◽  
Tina M. THORNTON ◽  
Fransiscus E. UTAMA ◽  
Elizabeth J. TAPAROWSKY
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Dna Binding Domain ◽  
Activator Protein 1 ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Activator Protein

BATF is a member of the AP-1 (activator protein-1) family of bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factors that form transcriptionally inhibitory, DNA binding heterodimers with Jun proteins. In the present study, we demonstrate that BATF is phosphorylated in vivo on multiple serine and threonine residues and at least one tyrosine residue. Reverse-polarity PAGE revealed that serine-43 and threonine-48 within the DNA binding domain of BATF are phosphorylated. To model phosphorylation of the BATF DNA binding domain, serine-43 was replaced by an aspartate residue. BATF(S43D) retains the ability to dimerize with Jun proteins in vitro and in vivo, and the BATF(S43D):Jun heterodimer localizes properly to the nucleus of cells. Interestingly, BATF(S43D) functions like wild-type BATF to reduce AP-1-mediated gene transcription, despite the observed inability of the BATF(S43D):Jun heterodimer to bind DNA. These data demonstrate that phosphorylation of serine-43 converts BATF from a DNA binding into a non-DNA binding inhibitor of AP-1 activity. Given that 40% of mammalian bZIP transcription factors contain a residue analogous to serine-43 of BATF in their DNA binding domains, the phosphorylation event described here represents a mechanism that is potentially applicable to the regulation of many bZIP proteins.

scholarly journals Ubinuclein, a Novel Nuclear Protein Interacting with Cellular and Viral Transcription Factors

2000 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 1165-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirpa Aho ◽  
Monique Buisson ◽  
Tiina Pajunen ◽  
Young W. Ryoo ◽  
Jean-Francois Giot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Nuclear Staining ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr

The major target tissues for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are B lymphocytes and epithelial cells of the oropharyngeal zone. The product of the EBV BZLF1 early gene, EB1, a member of the basic leucine-zipper family of transcription factors, interacts with both viral and cellular promoters and transcription factors, modulating the reactivation of latent EBV infection. Here, we characterize a novel cellular protein interacting with the basic domains of EB1 and c-Jun, and competing of their binding to the AP1 consensus site. The transcript is present in a wide variety of human adult, fetal, and tumor tissues, and the protein is detected in the nuclei throughout the human epidermis and as either grainy or punctuate nuclear staining in the cultured keratinocytes. The overexpression of tagged cDNA constructs in keratinocytes revealed that the NH2 terminus is essential for the nuclear localization, while the central domain is responsible for the interaction with EB1 and for the phenotype of transfected keratinocytes similar to terminal differentiation. The gene was identified in tail-to-tail orientation with the periplakin gene (PPL) in human chromosome 16p13.3 and in a syntenic region in mouse chromosome 16. We designated this novel ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein as ubinuclein and the corresponding gene as UBN1.

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