The use of model systems to study biological functions of Nox/Duox enzymes

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren R. Ritsick ◽  
William A. Edens ◽  
James W. McCoy ◽  
J. David Lambeth
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Peroxidase Enzymes ◽  
Ros Reactive Oxygen Species

ROS (reactive oxygen species; including superoxide and H2O2) are conventionally thought of as being broadly reactive and cytotoxic. Phagocytes utilize an NADPH oxidase to generate large amounts of ROS, and exploit their toxic properties as a host-defence mechanism to kill invading microbes. However, the recent discovery of the Nox and Duox enzymes that are expressed in many non-phagocytic cells implies that the 'deliberate' generation of ROS has additional cellular roles, which are currently incompletely understood. Functions of ROS in mammals have been inferred primarily from cell-culture experiments, and include signalling for mitogenic growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Nox/Duox enzymes may also provide H2O2 as a substrate for peroxidase enzymes (or, in the case of Duox, for its own peroxidase domain), thereby supporting peroxidative reactions. A broad comparison of biological functions of ROS and Nox enzymes across species and kingdoms provides insights into possible functions in mammals. To further understand novel biological roles for Nox/Duox enzymes, we are manipulating the expression of Nox/Duox enzymes in model organisms including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and mouse. This chapter focuses on new insights into the roles of Nox enzymes gained from these approaches.

Novel Nox homologues in the vasculature: focusing on Nox4 and Nox5

2010 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto C. Montezano ◽  
Dylan Burger ◽  
Graziela S. Ceravolo ◽  
Hiba Yusuf ◽  
Maria Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Renal Cells ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Cellular Compartments ◽  
Ros Reactive Oxygen Species

The Noxes (NADPH oxidases) are a family of ROS (reactive oxygen species)-generating enzymes. Of the seven family members, four have been identified as important sources of ROS in the vasculature: Nox1, Nox2, Nox4 and Nox5. Although Nox isoforms can be influenced by the same stimulus and co-localize in cellular compartments, their tissue distribution, subcellular regulation, requirement for cofactors and NADPH oxidase subunits and ability to generate specific ROS differ, which may help to understand the multiplicity of biological functions of these oxidases. Nox4 and Nox5 are the newest isoforms identified in the vasculature. Nox4 is the major isoform expressed in renal cells and appear to produce primarily H2O2. The Nox5 isoform produces ROS in response to increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ and does not require the other NADPH oxidase subunits for its activation. The present review focuses on these unique Noxes, Nox4 and Nox5, and provides novel concepts related to the regulation and interaction in the vasculature, and discusses new potential roles for these isoforms in vascular biology.

scholarly journals Reactive oxygen species rescue regeneration after silencing the MAPK–ERK signaling pathway in Schmidtea mediterranea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jaenen ◽  
S. Fraguas ◽  
K. Bijnens ◽  
M. Heleven ◽  
T. Artois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Erk Signaling ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Planarian Regeneration ◽  
Egfr Signaling Pathway

AbstractDespite extensive research on molecular pathways controlling the process of regeneration in model organisms, little is known about the actual initiation signals necessary to induce regeneration. Recently, the activation of ERK signaling has been shown to be required to initiate regeneration in planarians. However, how ERK signaling is activated remains unknown. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are well-known early signals necessary for regeneration in several models, including planarians. Still, the probable interplay between ROS and MAPK/ERK has not yet been described. Here, by interfering with major mediators (ROS, EGFR and MAPK/ERK), we were able to identify wound-induced ROS, and specifically H2O2, as upstream cues in the activation of regeneration. Our data demonstrate new relationships between regeneration-related ROS production and MAPK/ERK activation at the earliest regeneration stages, as well as the involvement of the EGFR-signaling pathway. Our results suggest that (1) ROS and/or H2O2 have the potential to rescue regeneration after MEK-inhibition, either by H2O2-treatment or light therapy, (2) ROS and/or H2O2 are required for the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, (3) the EGFR pathway can mediate ROS production and the activation of MAPK/ERK during planarian regeneration.

scholarly journals Cellular Effects of T-2 Toxin on Primary Hepatic Cell Culture Models of Chickens

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Mackei ◽  
Kata Orbán ◽  
Andor Molnár ◽  
László Pál ◽  
Károly Dublecz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Culture Models ◽  
Cell Culture Models

Trichothecene mycotoxins such as T-2 toxin cause severe problems for agriculture, as well as for veterinary medicine. As liver is one of the key organs in metabolism, the main aim of our study was to investigate the immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects of T-2 toxin, using primary hepatocyte mono-culture and hepatocyte—nonparenchymal cell (predominantly Kupffer cell) co-culture models of chicken. Cultures were exposed to 10 (T10 group), 100 (T100 group) and 1000 (T1000 group) nmol/L T-2 toxin treatment for 8 or 24 h. Alterations of cellular metabolic activity, the production of reactive oxygen species (extracellular H2O2), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and the concentration of different inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL-)6 and IL-8 were investigated. Metabolic activity was intensely decreased by T-2 toxin administration in all of the cell culture models, in every applied concentration and incubation time. Concentrations of HSP70 and IL-8 were significantly increased in hepatocyte mono-cultures exposed to higher T-2 toxin levels (both in T100 and T1000 groups for HSP70 and in T1000 group for IL-8, respectively) compared to controls after 24 h incubation. Similarly, IL-6 levels were also significantly elevated in the T100 and T1000 groups in both of mono- and co-cultures, but only after 8 h of incubation time. In spite of the general harmful effects of T-2 toxin treatment, no significant differences were observed on reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, the two cell culture models showed different levels of H2O2, HSP70, and IL-8 concentrations independently of T-2 toxin supplementation. In conclusion, the established primary cell cultures derived from chicken proved to be proper models to study the specific molecular effects caused by T-2 toxin. Metabolic activity and immune status of the different examined cell cultures were intensively affected; however, no changes were found in H2O2 levels.

scholarly journals Effects of uremic solutes on reactive oxygen species in vitro model systems as a possibility of support the renal function management

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata P Assis ◽  
Juliana FA Castro ◽  
Vânia O Gutierres ◽  
Carlos A Arcaro ◽  
Renata S Brotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Uremic Solutes ◽  
Function Management ◽  
Vitro Model

scholarly journals Antioxidants the Powerful New Weapons in the Fight Against Periodontal Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 085-090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baljeet Singh ◽  
Shivani Bhickta ◽  
Rajesh Gupta ◽  
Sachin Goyal ◽  
Ram Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Extracellular Release

AbstractThe human inflammatory periodontal diseases are amongst the most common of chronic diseases. The predominant inflammatory cell (96%) within the healthy connective tissue and epithelium of the gingiva is polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL). Periodontopathic bacteria in the gingivomucosal tissue may functionally activate PMNLs leading to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chronic inflammation subjects the nearby cells to elevated levels of free radicals (ROS) due to extracellular release from phagocytic cells. Antioxidants block the process of oxidation by neutralizing free radicals. In doing so, the antioxidant themselves become oxidized. Because of this, there is a constant need to replenish our antioxidant resources.

Hydrocyanines: a versatile family of probes for imaging radical oxidants in vitro and in vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne M. Sadlowski ◽  
Santanu Maity ◽  
Kousik Kundu ◽  
Niren Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Tissue Explants

The hydrocyanines are a class of dyes that can detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell culture, tissue explants, and in vivo.

scholarly journals Dual oxidases

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1464) ◽  
pp. 2301-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes Donkó ◽  
Zalán Péterfi ◽  
Adrienn Sum ◽  
Thomas Leto ◽  
Miklós Geiszt
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Hormone Biosynthesis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in various physiological processes including host defence, mitogenesis, hormone biosynthesis, apoptosis and fertilization. Currently, the most characterized ROS-producing system operates in phagocytic cells, where ROS generated during phagocytosis act in host defence. Recently, several novel homologues of the phagocytic oxidase have been discovered and this protein family is now designated as the NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX/DUOX enzymes function in a variety of tissues, including colon, kidney, thyroid gland, testis, salivary glands, airways and lymphoid organs. Importantly, members of the enzyme family are also found in non-mammalian species, including Caenorhabditis elegans and sea urchin. The physiological functions of novel NADPH oxidase enzymes are currently largely unknown. This review focuses on our current knowledge about dual oxidases.

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