Circadian timekeeping in Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 19-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. J Glossop
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Period Gene ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Clock Mechanism

The discovery of the period gene mutants in 1971 provided the first evidence that daily rhythms in the sleep–wake cycle of a multicellular organism, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, had an underlying genetic basis. Subsequent research has established that the biological clock mechanism in flies and mammals is strikingly similar and functions as a bimodal switch, simultaneously turning on one set of genes and turning off another set and then reversing the process every 12 h. In this chapter, the current model of the clock mechanism in Drosophila will be presented. This relatively basic model will then be used to outline the general rules that govern how the biological clock operates in mammals.

scholarly journals Temporal regulation of proteome profile in the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Subramanian ◽  
Jaime J. Jayapalan ◽  
Puteri S. Abdul-Rahman ◽  
Manjula Arumugam ◽  
Onn H. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Wide Range

Background.Diurnal rhythms of protein synthesis controlled by the biological clock underlie the rhythmic physiology in the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we conducted a proteome-wide investigation of rhythmic protein accumulation inD. melanogaster.Materials and Methods.Total protein collected from fly samples harvested at 4 h intervals over the 24 h period were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, trypsin digestion and MS/MS analysis. Protein spots/clusters were identified with MASCOT search engine and Swiss-Prot database. Expression of proteins was documented as percentage of volume contribution using the Image Master 2D Platinum software.Results.A total of 124 protein spots/clusters were identified using MS/MS analysis. Significant variation in the expression of 88 proteins over the 24-h period was observed. A relatively higher number of proteins was upregulated during the night compared to the daytime. The complexity of temporal regulation of theD. melanogasterproteome was further reflected from functional annotations of the differently expressed proteins, with those that were upregulated at night being restricted to the heat shock proteins and proteins involved in metabolism, muscle activity, protein synthesis/folding/degradation and apoptosis, whilst those that were overexpressed in the daytime were apparently involved in metabolism, muscle activity, ion-channel/cellular transport, protein synthesis/folding/degradation, redox homeostasis, development and transcription.Conclusion.Our data suggests that a wide range of proteins synthesized by the fruit fly,D. melanogaster, is under the regulation of the biological clock.

scholarly journals Dosage compensation of the period gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-732
Author(s):  
M K Cooper ◽  
M J Hamblen-Coyle ◽  
X Liu ◽  
J E Rutila ◽  
J C Hall
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Period Gene ◽  
Behavioral Rhythms ◽  
The One

Abstract The period (per) gene is located on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Its expression influences biological clocks in this fruit fly, including the one that subserves circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. Like most X-linked genes in Drosophila, per is under the regulatory control of gene dosage compensation. In this study, we assessed the activity of altered or augmented per+ DNA fragments in transformants. Relative expression levels in male and female adults were inferred from periodicities associated with locomotor behavioral rhythms, and by histochemically assessing beta-galactosidase levels in transgenics carrying different kinds of per-lacZ fusion genes. The results suggest that per contains multipartite regulatory information for dosage compensation within the large first intron and also within the 3' half of this genetic locus.

scholarly journals The value of interdisciplinary research: lessons from the 2017 Nobel Prize in chronobiology

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of humanity. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm.” It may be surprising to learn that those three scientists dedicated their entire careers to research on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. However, as their studies progressed, it became increasingly clear that the mechanism of the biological clock that they discovered in Drosophila is very similar to a timekeeping mechanism present in mammals, including humans. Through interdisciplinary work between scientists performing basic research on model organisms and doctors working in medical schools, we have learned over time that daily rhythms support human health while disruption of these rhythms is associated with a range of pathological disorders such as cardiovascular problems, metabolic, neurological, and many other diseases. This short review will highlight critical milestones on the way to understanding biological clocks, focusing on the roles played by the three Nobel Prize winners.

Genetic analysis of body color phenotypes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster: supporting evidence through laboratory-selected dark and light strains

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Parkash ◽  
Seema Ramniwas ◽  
Babita Kajla
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Body Color ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Laboratory Selection

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830, abdominal melanisation varies in a quantitative manner, but little attention has been paid to the genetic basis of different phenotypic classes and their ecological significance in the wild populations. Laboratory-selected darker and lighter body color strains were used for determining the genetic basis of body color phenotypes. Based on such genetic characterization, we interpreted body color variation of wild flies collected along a latitudinal gradient. Our results are interesting in several respects. First, laboratory selection produced lighter females and also lighter males, in contradiction of the well-known sexual dimorphism in D. melanogaster. The laboratory-selected darker and lighter strains showed lack of phenotypic plasticity, whereas F1 flies from reciprocal crosses showed significant levels of phenotypic plasticity. Second, for both sexes, F2 phenotypic classes resulting from reciprocal crosses between selected darker and lighter strains fit a two-locus model with a stronger maternal effect in males than in females. Third, changes in continuously varying abdominal melanisation of wild-caught flies were sorted into phenotypic bins of body color phenotypic classes and such data on geographical populations of D. melanogaster are consistent with climatic selection. Thus, we may suggest that for ecological genetic studies, greater emphasis should be laid on the analysis of bins of phenotypic classes of body melanisation in laboratory and wild populations of D. melanogaster.

scholarly journals Temporal regulation of proteome profile in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Subramanian ◽  
Jaime J Jayapalan ◽  
Puteri Abdul-Rahman ◽  
Manjula Arumugam ◽  
Onn Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Trypsin Digestion ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Ms Analysis

Background. Diurnal rhythms of protein synthesis controlled by the biological clock underlie rhythmic physiology in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Self-sustained autonomous circadian oscillations were documented all over the organs of the fly. In this study, we conducted a proteome-wide investigation of rhythmic protein accumulation in D. melanogaster. Materials and Methods. We have used the whole fly for the proteomic study as performed in typical proteotypic peptide (PTP) studies and followed the same protocol with trypsin digestion. Total protein collected from fly samples harvested at 4h intervals over the 24-h period were subjected to two dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, trypsin digestion and MS/MS analysis. Protein spots/clusters were identified with MASCOT search engine and Swiss-Prot database. Expression of proteins was documented as percentage of volume contribution using the Image Master 2D Platinum software. Results. A total of 124 protein spots/clusters were identified using MS/MS analysis. A significant variation in the expression of 88 proteins over the 24-h period was observed. Our present results suggested that the synthesis/regulation of numerous proteins is regulated by the biological clock in D. melanogaster. Relatively higher number of proteins was upregulated during nighttime as compared to daytime. Conclusion. As these rhythmically varying proteins/enzymes involve in metabolism, muscle activities, ion channels, protein synthesis, redox homeostasis and apoptosis our results indicate that these cellular processes could be regulated at the level of temporal expression of protein profile.

scholarly journals Mechanism of circadian clock. The 2017 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine

Kosmos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Daily Rhythms

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of humanity. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm.” It may be surprising to learn that those three scientists dedicated their entire careers to research on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. However, as their studies progressed, it became increasingly clear that the mechanism of the biological clock that they discovered in Drosophila is very similar to a timekeeping mechanism present in mammals, including humans. Through interdisciplinary work between scientists performing basic research on model organisms and medical doctors, we have learned over time that daily rhythms support human health while disruption of these rhythms is associated with a range of pathological disorders such as cardiovascular problems, metabolic, neurological, and many other diseases. This short review highlights critical milestones on the way to understanding biological clocks, focusing on the roles played by the three Nobel Prize winners.

scholarly journals Temporal regulation of proteome profile in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Subramanian ◽  
Jaime J Jayapalan ◽  
Puteri Abdul-Rahman ◽  
Manjula Arumugam ◽  
Onn Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Trypsin Digestion ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Ms Analysis

Background. Diurnal rhythms of protein synthesis controlled by the biological clock underlie rhythmic physiology in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Self-sustained autonomous circadian oscillations were documented all over the organs of the fly. In this study, we conducted a proteome-wide investigation of rhythmic protein accumulation in D. melanogaster. Materials and Methods. We have used the whole fly for the proteomic study as performed in typical proteotypic peptide (PTP) studies and followed the same protocol with trypsin digestion. Total protein collected from fly samples harvested at 4h intervals over the 24-h period were subjected to two dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, trypsin digestion and MS/MS analysis. Protein spots/clusters were identified with MASCOT search engine and Swiss-Prot database. Expression of proteins was documented as percentage of volume contribution using the Image Master 2D Platinum software. Results. A total of 124 protein spots/clusters were identified using MS/MS analysis. A significant variation in the expression of 88 proteins over the 24-h period was observed. Our present results suggested that the synthesis/regulation of numerous proteins is regulated by the biological clock in D. melanogaster. Relatively higher number of proteins was upregulated during nighttime as compared to daytime. Conclusion. As these rhythmically varying proteins/enzymes involve in metabolism, muscle activities, ion channels, protein synthesis, redox homeostasis and apoptosis our results indicate that these cellular processes could be regulated at the level of temporal expression of protein profile.

Genetic Basis for Repeated Mating in Drosophila melanogaster

1981 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Pyle ◽  
Mark H. Gromko
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Repeated Mating

scholarly journals Hox dosage contributes to flight appendage morphology in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Paul ◽  
Guillaume Giraud ◽  
Katrin Domsch ◽  
Marilyne Duffraisse ◽  
Frédéric Marmigère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Hox Proteins ◽  
Spatial Expression ◽  
Flying Insects

AbstractFlying insects have invaded all the aerial space on Earth and this astonishing radiation could not have been possible without a remarkable morphological diversification of their flight appendages. Here, we show that characteristic spatial expression profiles and levels of the Hox genes Antennapedia (Antp) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) underlie the formation of two different flight organs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We further demonstrate that flight appendage morphology is dependent on specific Hox doses. Interestingly, we find that wing morphology from evolutionary distant four-winged insect species is also associated with a differential expression of Antp and Ubx. We propose that variation in the spatial expression profile and dosage of Hox proteins is a major determinant of flight appendage diversification in Drosophila and possibly in other insect species during evolution.

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