Identification and characterization of a novel sucrose-non-fermenting protein kinase/AMP-activated protein kinase-related protein kinase, SNARK

2001 ◽  
Vol 355 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L. LEFEBVRE ◽  
Yahong BAI ◽  
Nazanin SHAHMOLKY ◽  
Monika SHARMA ◽  
Raymond POON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Protein Band ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

Subtraction hybridization after the exposure of keratinocytes to ultraviolet radiation identified a differentially expressed cDNA that encodes a protein of 630 amino acid residues possessing significant similarity to the catalytic domain of the sucrose-non-fermenting protein kinase (SNF1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. Northern blotting and reverse-transcriptase-mediated PCR demonstrated that mRNA transcripts for the SNF1/AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) were widely expressed in rodent tissues. The SNARK gene was localized to human chromosome 1q32 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. SNARK was translated in vitro to yield a single protein band of approx. 76kDa; Western analysis of transfected baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells detected two SNARK-immunoreactive bands of approx. 76-80kDa. SNARK was capable of autophosphorylation in vitro; immunoprecipitated SNARK exhibited phosphotransferase activity with the synthetic peptide substrate HMRSAMSGLHLVKRR (SAMS) as a kinase substrate. SNARK activity was significantly increased by AMP and 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAriboside) in rat keratinocyte cells, implying that SNARK might be activated by an AMPK kinase-dependent pathway. Furthermore, glucose deprivation increased SNARK activity 3-fold in BHK fibroblasts. These findings identify SNARK as a glucose- and AICAriboside-regulated member of the AMPK-related gene family that represents a new candidate mediator of the cellular response to metabolic stress.

5′-AMP-activated protein kinase is inactivated by adrenergic signalling in adult cardiac myocytes

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yugo Tsuchiya ◽  
Fiona C. Denison ◽  
Richard B. Heath ◽  
David Carling ◽  
David Saggerson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Calcium Signalling ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Protein Kinase C Inhibitor ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

In adult rat cardiac myocytes adrenaline decreased AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) activity with a half-time of approximately 4 min, decreased phosphorylation of AMPK (α-Thr172) and decreased phosphorylation of ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase). Inactivation of AMPK by adrenaline was through both α1- and β-ARs (adrenergic receptors), but did not involve cAMP or calcium signalling, was not blocked by the PKC (protein kinase C) inhibitor BIM I (bisindoylmaleimide I), by the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) cascade inhibitor U0126 or by PTX (pertussis toxin). Adrenaline caused no measurable change in LKB1 activity. Adrenaline decreased AMPK activity through a process that was distinct from AMPK inactivation in response to insulin or PMA. Neither adrenaline nor PMA altered the myocyte AMP:ATP ratio although the adrenaline effect was attenuated by oligomycin and by AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside), agents that mimic ‘metabolic stress’. Inactivation of AMPK by adrenaline was abolished by 1 μM okadaic acid suggesting that activation of PP2A (phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A) might mediate the adrenaline effect. However, no change in PP2A activity was detected in myocyte extracts. Adrenaline increased phosphorylation of the AMPK β-subunit in vitro but there was no detectable change in vivo in phosphorylation of previously identified AMPK sites (β-Ser24, β-Ser108 or β-Ser182) suggesting that another site(s) is targeted.

scholarly journals 5′-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Is Induced by Low-Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Conditions Found in Solid-Tumor Microenvironments

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 5336-5347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Laderoute ◽  
Khalid Amin ◽  
Joy M. Calaoagan ◽  
Merrill Knapp ◽  
Theresamai Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Null Mouse ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Tumor Microenvironments ◽  
Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts ◽  
Embryo Fibroblasts ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

ABSTRACT Low oxygen gradients (hypoxia and anoxia) are important determinants of pathological conditions under which the tissue blood supply is deficient or defective, such as in solid tumors. We have been investigating the relationship between the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the primary transcriptional regulator of the mammalian response to hypoxia, and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), another regulatory system important for controlling cellular energy metabolism. In the present study, we used mouse embryo fibroblasts nullizygous for HIF-1α or AMPK expression to show that AMPK is rapidly activated in vitro by both physiological and pathophysiological low-oxygen conditions, independently of HIF-1 activity. These findings imply that HIF-1 and AMPK are components of a concerted cellular response to maintain energy homeostasis in low-oxygen or ischemic-tissue microenvironments. Finally, we used transformed derivatives of wild-type and HIF-1α- or AMPKα-null mouse embryo fibroblasts to determine whether AMPK is activated in vivo. We obtained evidence that AMPK is activated in authentic hypoxic tumor microenvironments and that this activity overlaps with regions of hypoxia detected by a chemical probe. We also showed that AMPK is important for the growth of this tumor model.

scholarly journals The relevance of AMP-activated protein kinase in insulin-secreting β cells: a potential target for improving β cell function?

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Szkudelski ◽  
Katarzyna Szkudelska
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

Abstract AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is present in different kinds of metabolically active cells. AMPK is an important intracellular energy sensor and plays a relevant role in whole-body energy homeostasis. AMPK is activated, among others, in response to glucose deprivation, caloric restriction and increased physical activity. Upon activation, AMPK affects metabolic pathways leading to increased formation of ATP and simultaneously reducing ATP-consuming processes. AMPK is also expressed in pancreatic β cells and is largely regulated by glucose, which is the main physiological stimulator of insulin secretion. Results of in vitro studies clearly show that glucose-induced insulin release is associated with a concomitant inhibition of AMPK in β cells. However, pharmacological activation of AMPK significantly potentiates the insulin-secretory response of β cells to glucose and to some other stimuli. This effect is primarily due to increased intracellular calcium concentrations. AMPK is also involved in the regulation of gene expression and may protect β cells against glucolipotoxic conditions. It was shown that in pancreatic islets of humans with type 2 diabetes, AMPK is downregulated. Moreover, studies with animal models demonstrated impaired link between glucose and AMPK activity in pancreatic islet cells. These data suggest that AMPK may be a target for compounds improving the functionality of β cells. However, more studies are required to better elucidate the relevance of AMPK in the (patho)physiology of the insulin-secreting cells.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Disposal in Humans and Glucose Uptake and Fatty Acid Oxidation In Vitro via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

Diabetes ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 2688-2697 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Carey ◽  
G. R. Steinberg ◽  
S. L. Macaulay ◽  
W. G. Thomas ◽  
A. G. Holmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

AMP-activated protein kinase activity and glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (5) ◽  
pp. E677-E684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Musi ◽  
Tatsuya Hayashi ◽  
Nobuharu Fujii ◽  
Michael F. Hirshman ◽  
Lee A. Witters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Dose Dependent

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been hypothesized to mediate contraction and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribonucleoside (AICAR)-induced increases in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether treadmill exercise and isolated muscle contractions in rat skeletal muscle increase the activity of the AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 catalytic subunits in a dose-dependent manner and to evaluate the effects of the putative AMPK inhibitors adenine 9-β-d-arabinofuranoside (ara-A), 8-bromo-AMP, and iodotubercidin on AMPK activity and 3- O-methyl-d-glucose (3-MG) uptake. There were dose-dependent increases in AMPKα2 activity and 3-MG uptake in rat epitrochlearis muscles with treadmill running exercise but no effect of exercise on AMPKα1 activity. Tetanic contractions of isolated epitrochlearis muscles in vitro significantly increased the activity of both AMPK isoforms in a dose-dependent manner and at a similar rate compared with increases in 3-MG uptake. In isolated muscles, the putative AMPK inhibitors ara-A, 8-bromo-AMP, and iodotubercidin fully inhibited AICAR-stimulated AMPKα2 activity and 3-MG uptake but had little effect on AMPKα1 activity. In contrast, these compounds had absent or minimal effects on contraction-stimulated AMPKα1 and -α2 activity and 3-MG uptake. Although the AMPKα1 and -α2 isoforms are activated during tetanic muscle contractions in vitro, in fast-glycolytic fibers, the activation of AMPKα2-containing complexes may be more important in regulating exercise-mediated skeletal muscle metabolism in vivo. Development of new compounds will be required to study contraction regulation of AMPK by pharmacological inhibition.

scholarly journals Ωρίμανση ωοκυττάρων in vitro

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ολυμπία Πικίου
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

Η μετφορμίνη, ένα παράγωγο της διγουανίδης, χρησιμοποιείται ως θεραπεία του σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 και στη θεραπεία του PCOS. Οι κύριες δράσεις της μετφορμίνης είναι η αναστολή της παραγωγής γλυκόζης από το ήπαρ και η μείωση της αντίστασης στην ινσουλίνη από περιφερικούς ιστούς, οδηγώντας σε αυξημένη πρόσληψη και χρήση της γλυκόζης από τους σκελετικούς μυς. Ο κύριος διαμεσολαβητής της δράσης της μετφορμίνης είναι η AMPK [AMP-activated protein kinase: πρωτεϊνική κινάση που ενεργοποιείται από την AMP (μονοφωσφορική αδενοσίνη)]. Η AMPK είναι ο κεντρικός αισθητήρας των επιπέδων ενέργειας στο κύτταρο, ο οποίος ανταποκρίνεται στην αύξηση του λόγου AMP/ATP (adenosine monophosphate/adenosine triphosphate: μονοφωσφορική/τριφωσφορική αδενοσίνη). Μελέτες σε ωοκύτταρα βοοειδών έχουν δείξει ότι η ενεργοποίηση της AMPK από τη μετφορμίνη σε υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις της τάξεως των mM ελέγχει την πυρηνική ωρίμανση. Το TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2: σύμπλεγμα οζώδους σκλήρυνσης 2) έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο κατωφερής στόχος της AMPK. Σκοπός της παρούσης μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης χαμηλών συγκεντρώσεων μετφορμίνης (1nM-10μΜ) (i) στη δημιουργία εμβρύων βοοειδών από συμπλέγματα ωοκυττάρου-ωοφόρου δίσκου, (ii) το ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων και, (iii) την πιθανή ενεργοποίηση του TSC2 μέσω της AMPK. Τα συμπλέγματα ωοκυττάρου-ωοφόρου δίσκου ωρίμαζαν in vitro, γονιμοποιούνταν με αναβιωμένα σπερματοζωάρια ταύρου και τα ζυγωτά καλλιεργούνταν συνολικά για 72 ώρες μετά τη σπερματέγχυση. Η μετφορμίνη χορηγήθηκε σε όλα τα στάδια της παραγωγής των εμβρύων ή μόνο κατά το στάδιο της γονιμοποίησης. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η παρουσία της TSC2 κατά τα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης των εμβρύων και η πιθανή ενεργοποίηση του μορίου αυτού μέσω της AMPK πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα ανοσοφθορισμού. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα μας, η χορήγηση της μετφορμίνης είχε δοσο-εξαρτώμενη επίδραση στο ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων. Συγκεκριμένα, παρουσία μετφορμίνης σε όλα τα στάδια της in vitro παραγωγής εμβρύων σε συγκέντρωση 1μΜ και 10μΜ ή μόνο στο στάδιο της in vitro γονιμοποίησης σε συγκέντρωση 0,1μΜ και 10μΜ, το ποσοστό των εμβρύων που έφτασαν στο στάδιο των ≥8-κυττάρων παρουσίασε στατιστικώς σημαντική μείωση, σε σχέση με αυτό της ομάδας ελέγχου. Η μείωση αυτή στο ποσοστό των εμβρύων ≥8-κυττάρων συνοδεύτηκε από αύξηση του ποσοστού των εμβρύων 2-κυττάρων. Η μετφορμίνη δεν είχε καμία επίδραση στο ποσοστό των ωοκυττάρων που εξελίχθηκαν σε έμβρυα. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα μας, το TSC2 εκφράζεται κατά τα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης των εμβρύων βοοειδών. Επιπλέον διαπιστώθηκε ότι, η χορήγηση 10μΜ μετφορμίνης είτε σε όλα τα στάδια της in vitro παραγωγής εμβρύων ή μόνο κατά το στάδιο της in vitro γονιμοποίησης είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την ενεργοποίηση του TSC2 μέσω της AMPK. Συγκεκριμένα διαπιστώθηκε ότι, τα επίπεδα του φωσφορυλιωμένου TSC2, μετά τη χορήγηση μετφορμίνης, αντιστοιχούν στην ολική ποσότητα TSC2 πρωτεΐνης στα κύτταρα γεγονός που προκύπτει τόσο από την αύξηση της PhosphoS1387-TSC2-ανοσοδραστικότητας όσο και από την αύξηση του λόγου PhosphoS1387-TSC2 : ολική TSC2 η οποία παρατηρήθηκε. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσης διατριβής υποδεικνύουν για πρώτη φορά ότι, η μετφορμίνη δεν έχει καμία επίδραση στο ποσοστό των ωοκυττάρων που εξελίσσονται σε έμβρυα και κατά συνέπεια δεν επηρεάζει την ωρίμανση των ωοκυττάρων όταν χορηγείται σε συγκεντρώσεις της τάξεως των μM. Εντούτοις, η μετφορμίνη σε αυτές τις συγκεντρώσεις έχει αρνητική δοσο-εξαρτώμενη επίδραση στο ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων βοοειδών. Η δράση αυτή της μετφορμίνης στο ρυθμό διαίρεσης των εμβρύων είναι η ίδια είτε το φάρμακο χορηγείται καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια της in vitro παραγωγής των εμβρύων είτε μόνο κατά το στάδιο της in vitro γονιμοποίησης. Επιπλέον, δεδομένου ότι η μετφορμίνη είναι ενεργοποιητής της ΑΜΡΚ, τα αποτελέσματα μας σηματοδοτούν τη σπουδαιότητα της ρύθμισης της δραστηριότητας της ΑΜΡΚ κατά τα πρώτα στάδια ανάπτυξης των εμβρύων και δείχνουν ότι κάθε μεταβολή των επιπέδων δραστηριότητας του ενζύμου αυτού μπορεί να έχει αρνητική επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη των εμβρύων. Τέλος, από τα αποτελέσματα μας μπορεί να συναχθεί ότι το μοριακό μονοπάτι το οποίο εμπλέκεται στη μείωση του ρυθμού διαίρεσης των εμβρύων από τη μετφορμίνη περιλαμβάνει την ενεργοποίηση του TSC2 από την ΑΜΡΚ.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinase: A Metabolic Stress Sensor in the Heart

2015 ◽  
pp. 187-225
Author(s):  
Martin Pelosse ◽  
Malgorzata Tokarska-Schlattner ◽  
Uwe Schlattner
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinase A ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Stress Sensor ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Kinase A

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of the SNF4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for physical association of the SNF4 protein with the SNF1 protein kinase.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 5045-5054 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Celenza ◽  
F J Eng ◽  
M Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Glucose Repression ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Lacz Gene ◽  
Physical Association

The SNF4 gene is required for expression of glucose-repressible genes in response to glucose deprivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous evidence suggested that SNF4 is functionally related to SNF1, another essential gene in this global regulatory system that encodes a protein kinase. Increased SNF1 gene dosage partially compensates for a mutation in SNF4, and the SNF4 function is required for maximal SNF1 protein kinase activity in vitro. We have cloned SNF4 and identified its 1.2-kilobase RNA, which is not regulated by glucose repression. A 36-kilodalton SNF4 protein is predicted from the nucleotide sequence. Disruption of the chromosomal SNF4 locus revealed that the requirement for SNF4 function is less stringent at low temperature (23 degrees C). A bifunctional SNF4-lacZ gene fusion that includes almost the entire SNF4 coding sequence was constructed. The fusion protein was shown by immunofluorescence microscopy to be distributed throughout the cell, with partial localization to the nucleus. The SNF4-beta-galactosidase protein coimmunoprecipitated with the SNF1 protein kinase, thus providing evidence for the physical association of the two proteins.

Hypoxia and AMP independently regulate AMP-activated protein kinase activity in heart

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (5) ◽  
pp. H2412-H2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Frederich ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
James A. Balschi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Upstream Kinase ◽  
Ampk Activity ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

The hypothesis was tested that hypoxia increases AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity independently of AMP concentration ([AMP]) in heart. In isolated perfused rat hearts, cytosolic [AMP] was changed from 0.2 to 16 μM using metabolic inhibitors during both normal oxygenation (95% O2-5% CO2, normoxia) and limited oxygenation (95% N2-5% CO2, hypoxia). Total AMPK activity measured in vitro ranged from 2 to 40 pmol·min−1·mg protein−1 in normoxic hearts and from 5 to 55 pmol·min−1·mg protein−1 in hypoxic hearts. The dependence of the in vitro total AMPK activity on the in vivo cytosolic [AMP] was determined by fitting the measurements from individual hearts to a hyperbolic equation. The [AMP] resulting in half-maximal total AMPK activity ( A0.5) was 3 ± 1 μM for hypoxic hearts and 28 ± 13 μM for normoxic hearts. The A0.5 for α2-isoform AMPK activity was 2 ± 1 μM for hypoxic hearts and 13 ± 8 μM for normoxic hearts. Total AMPK activity correlated with the phosphorylation of the Thr172 residue of the AMPK α-subunit. In potassium-arrested hearts perfused with variable O2 content, α-subunit Thr172 phosphorylation increased at O2 ≤ 21% even though [AMP] was <0.3 μM. Thus hypoxia or O2 ≤ 21% increased AMPK phosphorylation and activity independently of cytosolic [AMP]. The hypoxic increase in AMPK activity may result from either direct phosphorylation of Thr172 by an upstream kinase or reduction in the A0.5 for [AMP].

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