scholarly journals Novel isoform of syntaxin 1 is expressed in mammalian cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 321 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mittur N. JAGADISH ◽  
Judy T. TELLAM ◽  
S. Lance MACAULAY ◽  
Keith H. GOUGH ◽  
David E. JAMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cdna Clone ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Terminal Region ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Syntaxin 1A ◽  
Truncated Protein

Syntaxin 1A has been identified previously as a neural-cell-specific, membrane-anchored receptor protein required for docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Syntaxin 1A consists of 288 amino acid residues including a 265-residue N-terminal region exposed to the cytoplasm and a C-terminal hydrophobic stretch of 23 residues believed to anchor syntaxin to the plasma membrane. Using a human fat-cell library we have isolated a novel cDNA clone of syntaxin 1A containing an insert of 91 bp in codon 226. This insert and subsequent frame shift generated a cDNA that codes for a truncated protein of 260 residues without the C-terminal transmembrane domain characteristic of the syntaxin family. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the new cDNA clone, termed syntaxin 1C, showed that it was identical for the first 226 residues with the previously described neural syntaxin 1A, and diverged thereafter. The truncated protein lacked the botulinum neurotoxin C cleavage site (Lys253-Ala254), a feature of the syntaxin 1A protein, because of the novel C-terminal domain of 34 residues. The new C-terminal region contained a single cysteine residue and was moderately rich in proline, with three repeats of a PXP motif. The insert occurred within the region encoding the coiled-coil motifs required for interactions with synaptobrevin, α-SNAP (SNAP being soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein) and n-Sec1/Munc-18 (n-Sec1 being the rat brain homologue of yeast Sec1p and Munc-18 the mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans unc-18, but five residues outside the domain previously mapped as being required for binding SNAP-25. Interaction studies in vitro suggested that unlike syntaxin 1A, which binds to both Munc-18a and -18b, syntaxin 1C binds only to Munc-18b. The new isoform syntaxin 1C, which might be generated by alternative splicing of the syntaxin 1 gene, was expressed in several human tissues, including brain. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody HPC-1 and a polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide corresponding to the unique C-terminal 35 residues of syntaxin 1C failed to detect syntaxin 1C at the protein level in extracts of muscle, fat or brain.

scholarly journals A single lysine in the N-terminal region of store-operated channels is critical for STIM1-mediated gating

2010 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Lis ◽  
Susanna Zierler ◽  
Christine Peinelt ◽  
Andrea Fleig ◽  
Reinhold Penner
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Terminal Region ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Crac Channels

Store-operated Ca2+ entry is controlled by the interaction of stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) acting as endoplasmic reticulum ER Ca2+ sensors with calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels (CRACM1/2/3 or Orai1/2/3) in the plasma membrane. Here, we report structural requirements of STIM1-mediated activation of CRACM1 and CRACM3 using truncations, point mutations, and CRACM1/CRACM3 chimeras. In accordance with previous studies, truncating the N-terminal region of CRACM1 or CRACM3 revealed a 20–amino acid stretch close to the plasma membrane important for channel gating. Exchanging the N-terminal region of CRACM3 with that of CRACM1 (CRACM3-N(M1)) results in accelerated kinetics and enhanced current amplitudes. Conversely, transplanting the N-terminal region of CRACM3 into CRACM1 (CRACM1-N(M3)) leads to severely reduced store-operated currents. Highly conserved amino acids (K85 in CRACM1 and K60 in CRACM3) in the N-terminal region close to the first transmembrane domain are crucial for STIM1-dependent gating of CRAC channels. Single-point mutations of this residue (K85E and K60E) eliminate store-operated currents induced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and reduce store-independent gating by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. However, short fragments of these mutant channels are still able to communicate with the CRAC-activating domain of STIM1. Collectively, these findings identify a single amino acid in the N terminus of CRAC channels as a critical element for store-operated gating of CRAC channels.

Transmembrane domain length determines intracellular membrane compartment localization of syntaxins 3, 4, and 5

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. C215-C223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Watson ◽  
Jeffrey E. Pessin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Domains ◽  
Snare Protein ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Golgi Localization ◽  
Syntaxin 3

Insulin recruits glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) vesicles from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane in muscle and adipose tissue by specific interactions between the vesicle membrane-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein target receptor (SNARE) protein VAMP-2 and the target membrane SNARE protein syntaxin 4. Although GLUT-4 vesicle trafficking has been intensely studied, few have focused on the mechanism by which the SNAREs themselves localize to specific membrane compartments. We therefore set out to identify the molecular determinants for localizing several syntaxin isoforms, including syntaxins 3, 4, and 5, to their respective intracellular compartments (plasma membrane for syntaxins 3 and 4; cis-Golgi for syntaxin 5). Analysis of a series of deletion and chimeric syntaxin constructs revealed that the 17-amino acid transmembrane domain of syntaxin 5 was sufficient to direct the cis-Golgi localization of several heterologous reporter constructs. In contrast, the longer 25-amino acid transmembrane domain of syntaxin 3 was sufficient to localize reporter constructs to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, truncation of the syntaxin 3 transmembrane domain to 17 amino acids resulted in a complete conversion to cis-Golgi compartmentalization that was indistinguishable from syntaxin 5. These data support a model wherein short transmembrane domains (≤17 amino acids) direct the cis-Golgi localization of syntaxins, whereas long transmembrane domains (≥23 amino acids) direct plasma membrane localization.

Physiological role and regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1081-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie E. Malo ◽  
Larry Fliegel
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Membrane Domain ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Homologous Protein ◽  
The Family ◽  
Extracellular Sodium

In mammalian eukaryotic cells, the Na+/H+ exchanger is a family of membrane proteins that regulates ions fluxes across membranes. Plasma membrane isoforms of this protein extrude 1 intracellular proton in exchange for 1 extracellular sodium. The family of Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) consists of 9 known isoforms, NHE1–NHE9. The NHE1 isoform was the first discovered, is the best characterized, and exists on the plasma membrane of all mammalian cells. It contains an N-terminal 500 amino acid membrane domain that transports ions, plus a 315 amino acid C-terminal, the intracellular regulatory domain. The Na+/H+ exchanger is regulated by both post-translational modifications including protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation, plus by a number of regulatory-binding proteins including phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, calcineurin homologous protein, ezrin, radixin and moesin, calmodulin, carbonic anhydrase II, and tescalcin. The Na+/H+ exchanger is involved in a variety of complex physiological and pathological events that include regulation of intracellular pH, cell movement, heart disease, and cancer. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the physiological role and regulation of this protein.

Cysteine residues of SNAP-25 are required for SNARE disassembly and exocytosis, but not for membrane targeting

2001 ◽  
Vol 357 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip WASHBOURNE ◽  
Victor CANSINO ◽  
James R. MATHEWS ◽  
Margaret GRAHAM ◽  
Robert D. BURGOYNE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Snare Complex ◽  
Cysteine Residues ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Syntaxin 1A ◽  
Golgi Transport ◽  
Membrane Target

The release of neurotransmitter at a synapse occurs via the regulated fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. The fusion of the two lipid bilayers is mediated by a protein complex that includes the plasma membrane target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptors (t-SNAREs), syntaxin 1A and synaptosome-associated protein of 25kDa (SNAP-25), and the vesicle SNARE (v-SNARE), vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP). Whereas syntaxin 1A and VAMP are tethered to the membrane by a C-terminal transmembrane domain, SNAP-25 has been suggested to be anchored to the membrane via four palmitoylated cysteine residues. We demonstrate that the cysteine residues of SNAP-25 are not required for membrane localization when syntaxin 1A is present. Analysis of the 7S and 20S complexes formed by mutants that lack cysteine residues demonstrates that the cysteines are required for efficient SNARE complex dissociation. Furthermore, these mutants are unable to support exocytosis, as demonstrated by a PC12 cell secretion assay. We hypothesize that syntaxin 1A serves to direct newly synthesized SNAP-25 through the Golgi transport pathway to the axons and synapses, and that palmitoylation of cysteine residues is not required for targeting, but to optimize interactions required for SNARE complex dissociation.

scholarly journals Elimination of the O-linked glycosylation site at Thr 104 results in the generation of a soluble human-transferrin receptor

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Rutledge ◽  
BJ Root ◽  
JJ Lucas ◽  
CA Enns
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Protein Sequence Analysis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Human Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Intracellular Compartments

The transferrin receptor (TfR) is the plasma membrane protein responsible for the binding and internalization of the major iron- transport protein, transferrin. The function of the single O-linked oligosaccharide near the transmembrane domain of the TfR at amino acid Thr 104 is unknown. To elucidate the effect of the O-linked carbohydrate on TfR function, the oligosaccharide was eliminated by replacing Thr 104 with Asp and the mutated cDNA was expressed in a cell line lacking endogenous TfR. Elimination of the oligosaccharide at Thr 104 results in a form of the receptor that is susceptible to cleavage. A 78-kD soluble TfR that can bind transferrin is released into the growth medium. The intact mutant TfR is not grossly altered in its structure and does not differ significantly from the wild-type human receptor in many respects: (1) It shows the same distribution between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments; (2) the binding constant for transferrin is similar to that of the wild-type TfR; and (3) it is not rapidly degraded. Protein-sequence analysis of the soluble form indicates that the sequence begins at amino acid 101 of the intact receptor. This is the same cleavage site reported for a soluble form of normal receptor found in human serum. Substitution of Gly, Glu, or Met at position 104 also results in increased cleavage of the TfR and suggests that elimination of the O-linked carbohydrate at position 104 enhances the susceptibility of TfR to cleavage and may mimic a naturally occurring process previously described as being related to erythropoiesis.

scholarly journals Steady-State Plasma Membrane Expression of Human Cytomegalovirus gB Is Determined by the Phosphorylation State of Ser900

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 6657-6664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth N. Fish ◽  
Cecilia Soderberg-Naucler ◽  
Jay A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Amino Acid Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
U373 Cells

ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of an astrocytoma cell line (U373) or human fibroblast (HF) cells results in a differential cell distribution of the major envelope glycoprotein gB (UL55). This 906-amino-acid type I glycoprotein contains an extracellular domain with a signal sequence, a transmembrane domain, and a 135-amino-acid cytoplasmic tail with a consensus casein kinase II (CKII) site located at Ser900. Since phosphorylation of proteins in the secretory pathway is an important determinant of intracellular trafficking, the state of gB phosphorylation in U373 and HF cells was examined. Analysis of cells expressing wild-type gB and gB with site-specific mutations indicated that the glycoprotein was equally phosphorylated at a single site, Ser900, in both U373 and HF cells. To assess the effect of charge on gB surface expression in U373 cells, Ser900 was replaced with an aspartate (Asp) or alanine (Ala) residue to mimic the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated states, respectively. Expression of the Asp but not the Ala gB mutation resulted in an increase in the steady-state expression of gB at the plasma membrane (PM) in U373 cells. In addition, treatment of U373 cells with the phosphatase inhibitor tautomycin resulted in the accumulation of gB at the PM. Interestingly, the addition of a charge at Ser900 trapped gB in a low-level cycling pathway at the PM, preventing trafficking of the protein to thetrans-Golgi network or other intracellular compartments. Therefore, these results suggest that a tautomycin-sensitive phosphatase regulates cell-specific PM retrieval of gB to intracellular compartments.

scholarly journals Mutational Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpu Transmembrane Domain That Promotes the Enhanced Release of Virus-Like Particles from the Plasma Membrane of Mammalian Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1270-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousumi Paul ◽  
Suparna Mazumder ◽  
Nicholas Raja ◽  
M. Abdul Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu is a multifunctional phosphoprotein composed of the N-terminal transmembrane (VpuTM) and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains. Each of these domains regulates a distinct function of the protein; the transmembrane domain is critical in virus release, and phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain is necessary for CD4 proteolysis. We carried our experiments to identify amino acids in the VpuTM domain that are important in the process of virus-like particle (VLP) release from HeLa cells. VLPs are released from the plasma membrane of HeLa cells at constitutive levels, and Vpu expression enhanced the release of VLPs by a factor of 10 to 15. Deletion of two to five amino acids from both N- and C-terminal ends or the middle of the VpuTM domain generated mutant Vpu proteins that have lost the ability to enhance VLP release. These deletion mutants have not lost the ability to associate with the wild-type or mutant Vpu proteins and formed complexes with equal efficiency. They were also transported normally to the Golgi complex. Furthermore, a Vpu protein having the CD4 transmembrane and Vpu cytoplasmic domains was completely inactive, and Vpu proteins harboring hybrid Vpu-CD4 TM domains were also defective in the ability to enhance the release of VLPs. When tested for functional complementation in cotransfected cells, two inactive proteins were not able to reconstitute Vpu activity that enhances the release of Gag particles. Coexpression of functional CD4/Vpu hybrids or wild-type Vpu with inactive mutant CD4/Vpu proteins revealed that mutations in the VpuTM domain could dominantly interfere with Vpu activity in Gag release. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the structural integrity of the VpuTM domain is critical for Vpu activity in the release of VLPs from the plasma membrane of mammalian cells.

scholarly journals Signal-mediated retrieval of a membrane protein from the Golgi to the ER in yeast.

1994 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
E C Gaynor ◽  
S te Heesen ◽  
T R Graham ◽  
M Aebi ◽  
S D Emr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Coding Sequence ◽  
Golgi Compartment

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wbp1 protein is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER), type I transmembrane protein which contains a cytoplasmic dilysine (KKXX) motif. This motif has previously been shown to direct Golgi-to-ER retrieval of type I membrane proteins in mammalian cells (Jackson, M. R., T. Nilsson, and P. A. Peterson. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 121: 317-333). To analyze the role of this motif in yeast, we constructed a SUC2-WBP1 chimera consisting of the coding sequence for the normally secreted glycoprotein invertase fused to the coding sequence of the COOH terminus (including the transmembrane domain and 16-amino acid cytoplasmic tail) of Wbplp. Carbohydrate analysis of the invertase-Wbp1 fusion protein using mannose linkage-specific antiserum demonstrated that the fusion protein was efficiently modified by the early Golgi initial alpha 1,6 mannosyltransferase (Och1p). Subcellular fractionation revealed that > 90% of the alpha 1,6 mannose-modified fusion protein colocalized with the ER (Wbp1p) and not with the Golgi Och1p-containing compartment or other membrane fractions. Amino acid changes within the dily sine motif (KK-->QK, KQ, or QQ) did not change the kinetics of initial alpha 1,6 mannose modification of the fusion protein but did dramatically increase the rate of modification by more distal Golgi (elongating alpha 1,6 and alpha 1,3) mannosyltransferases. These mutant fusion proteins were then delivered directly from a late Golgi compartment to the vacuole, where they were proteolytically cleaved in a PEP4-dependent manner. While amino acids surrounding the dilysine motif played only a minor role in retention ability, mutations that altered the position of the lysines relative to the COOH terminus of the fusion protein also yielded a dramatic defect in ER retention. Collectively, our results indicate that the KKXX motif does not simply retain proteins in the ER but rather directs their rapid retrieval from a novel, Och1p-containing early Golgi compartment. Similar to observations in mammalian cells, it is the presence of two lysine residues at the appropriate COOH-terminal position which represents the most important features of this sorting determinant.

scholarly journals Cooperation of the Conserved Aspartate 439 and Bound Amino Acid Substrate Is Important for High-Affinity Na+ Binding to the Glutamate Transporter EAAC1

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Tao ◽  
Christof Grewer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Amino Acid Side Chain ◽  
Kinetics And Thermodynamics ◽  
Anion Conductance ◽  
Glutamate Binding ◽  
Fold Reduction

The neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 contains several conserved acidic amino acids in its transmembrane domain, which are possibly important in catalyzing transport and/or binding of co/countertransported cations. Here, we have studied the effects of neutralization by site-directed mutagenesis of three of these amino acid side chains, glutamate 373, aspartate 439, and aspartate 454, on the functional properties of the transporter. Transport was analyzed by whole-cell current recording from EAAC1-expressing mammalian cells after applying jumps in voltage, substrate, or cation concentration. Neutralization mutations in positions 373 and 454, although eliminating steady-state glutamate transport, have little effect on the kinetics and thermodynamics of Na+ and glutamate binding, suggesting that these two positions do not constitute the sites of Na+ and glutamate association with EAAC1. In contrast, the D439N mutation resulted in an approximately 10-fold decrease of apparent affinity of the glutamate-bound transporter form for Na+, and an ∼2,000-fold reduction in the rate of Na+ binding, whereas the kinetics and thermodynamics of Na+ binding to the glutamate-free transporter were almost unchanged compared to EAAC1WT. Furthermore, the D439N mutation converted l-glutamate, THA, and PDC, which are activating substrates for the wild-type anion conductance, but not l-aspartate, into transient inhibitors of the EAAC1D439 anion conductance. Activation of the anion conductance by l-glutamate was biphasic, allowing us to directly analyze binding of two of the three cotransported Na+ ions as a function of time and [Na+]. The data can be explained with a model in which the D439N mutation results in a dramatic slowing of Na+ binding and a reduced affinity of the substrate-bound EAAC1 for Na+. We propose that the bound substrate controls the rate and the extent of Na+ interaction with the transporter, depending on the amino acid side chain in position 439.

Plasma membrane clustering of system y+ (CAT-1) amino acid transporter as detected by immunohistochemistry

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (5) ◽  
pp. E817-E824 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Woodard ◽  
W. A. Dunn ◽  
R. O. Laine ◽  
M. Malandro ◽  
R. McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Amino Acid Transporter ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Acid Transporter

Transport of cationic amino acids in fully differentiated mammalian cells is mediated primarily by system y1+ [cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-1 gene product]. Antibodies, prepared against synthetic peptide sequences predicted to be extracellular loops of the CAT-1 transporter protein, detected the transporter on the surface of cultured cells. In human fibroblasts, porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, and cultured rat hepatoma cells, the CAT-1 transporter protein was clustered in an apparent random pattern throughout the plasma membrane. In contrast, labeling of the fibroblasts with antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor or the GLUT-1 glucose transporter demonstrated a uniform staining pattern covering the entire cell surface. The CAT-1 antibody labeling was specific, as demonstrated by peptide inhibition and the lack of staining by preimmune serum. Furthermore, hepatocytes did not exhibit specific antibody binding consistent with the lack of system y1+ activity. Disruption of the microtubule assembly resulted in a reversible loss of the CAT-1 transporter clusters and a more generalized labeling of the cell body. The data demonstrate the existence of microdomains within the plasma membrane that contain the CAT-1 transporter protein.

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