AbstractThe histone acetyltransferase GCN5-associated SAGA complex is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human and functions as a general transcription co-activator in global gene regulation. In this study, we identified a divergent GCN5 complex in Plasmodium falciparum, which contains two plant homeodomain (PHD) proteins (PfPHD1 and PfPHD2) and a plant apetela2 (AP2)-domain transcription factor (PfAP2-LT). To dissect the functions of the PfGCN5 complex, we generated parasites with the bromodomain deletion in PfGCN5 and the PHD domain deletion in PfPHD1. The two deletion mutants closely phenocopied each other, exhibiting significantly reduced merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and elevated sexual conversion. These domain deletions caused dramatic decreases not only in histone H3K9 acetylation but also in H3K4 trimethylation, indicating synergistic crosstalk between the two euchromatin marks. Domain deletion in either PfGCN5 or PfPHD1 profoundly disturbed the global transcription pattern, causing altered expression of more than 60% of the genes. At the schizont stage, these domain deletions were linked to specific downregulation of merozoite genes involved in erythrocyte invasion, many of which harbor the DNA-binding motifs for AP2-LT and/or AP2-I, suggesting targeted recruitment of the PfGCN5 complex to the invasion genes by these specific transcription factors. Conversely, at the ring stage, PfGCN5 or PfPHD1 domain deletions disrupted the mutually exclusive expression pattern of the entire var gene family, which encodes the virulent factor PfEMP1. Correlation analysis between the chromatin state and alteration of gene expression demonstrated that up- and down-regulated genes in these mutants are highly correlated with the silenct and active chromatin states in the wild-type parasite, respectively. Collectively, the PfGCN5 complex represents a novel HAT complex with a unique subunit composition including the AP2 transcription factor, which signifies a new paradigm for targeting the co-activator complex to regulate general and parasite-specific cellular processes in this low-branching parasitic protist.Author SummaryEpigenetic regulation of gene expression plays essential roles in orchestrating the general and parasite-specific cellular pathways in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Using tandem affinity purification and proteomic characterization, we identified a divergent transcription co-activator – the histone acetyltransferase GCN5-associated complex in P. falciparum, which contains nine core components, including two PHD domain proteins (PfPHD1 and PfPHD2) and a plant apetela2-domain transcription factor. To understand the functions of the PfGCN5 complex, we performed gene disruption in two subunits of this complex, PfGCN5 and PfPHD1. We found that the two deletion mutants displayed very similar growth phenotypes, including significantly reduced merozoite invasion rates and elevated sexual conversion. These two mutants were associated with dramatic decreases in histone H3K9 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation, which led to global changes in chromatin states and gene expression. Genes significantly affected by the PfGCN5 and PfPHD1 gene disruption include those participating in parasite-specific pathways such as invasion, virulence, and sexual development. In conclusion, this study presents a new model of the PfGCN5 complex for targeting the co-activator complex to regulate general and parasite-specific cellular processes in this low-branching parasitic protist.
Non-detergent sulphobetaines: a new class of mild solubilization agents for protein purification