scholarly journals Inactivation of the RTEM-1 cysteine β-lactamase by iodoacetate. The nature of active-site functional groups and comparisons with the native enzyme

1991 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K Knap ◽  
R F Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
General Base ◽  
Class A ◽  
Rate Profile ◽  
Cationic Residues

The pH-rate profile for inactivation of the RTEM-1 cysteine β-lactamase by iodoacetate supports previous evidence [Knap & Pratt (1989) Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 6, 316-323] for the activation of the active-site thiol group by adjacent functional groups. The enhanced reactivity of iodoacetate, with respect to that of iodoacetamide, suggests the influence of a positive charge in the active site. The reactivity of iodoacetate is not affected by dissociation of an active-site functional group of pKa 6.7, which increases the reactivity of neutral reagents, probably because of a compensation phenomenon; it is, however, lost on dissociation of an acid of pKa 8.1. It is concluded that the active cysteine β-lactamase has four functional groups at the active site, one nucleophilic thiolate of Cys-70, one neutral acid (most probably the carboxy group of Glu-166, from the crystal structures) and two cationic residues (most probably Lys-73 and Lys-234). A comparison of these results with the pH-dependence of reactivity of the native RTEM-2 β-lactamase suggests that the active form of the latter enzyme is also monocationic, although the nucleophile (Ser-70) is likely to be neutral in this case and the carboxylic acid dissociated. A mechanism of class A β-lactamase catalysis is discussed where the Glu-166 carboxylate acts as a general base/acid catalyst and Lys-73 is principally required for electrostatic stabilization of the anionic tetrahedral intermediate.

scholarly journals Structural and kinetic studies on β-lactamase K1 from Klebsiella aerogenes

1986 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
E L Emanuel ◽  
J Gagnon ◽  
S G Waley
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Klebsiella Aerogenes ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Class A ◽  
Rate Determining Step

beta-Lactamase K1 from Klebsiella aerogenes 1082E hydrolyses both penicillins and cephalosporins comparably and is inhibited by mercurials but not by cloxacillin. These properties distinguish it from those other beta-lactamases that have been allotted to classes on the basis of their amino sequences. beta-Lactamase K1 has been isolated by affinity chromatography; its composition shows resemblances to class A beta-lactamases. Moreover, the N-terminal sequence is similar to those of class A beta-lactamases: there is about 30% identity over the first 32 residues. Furthermore, a putative active-site octapeptide has been isolated and its sequence is similar to the region around the active-site serine residue in class A beta-lactamases. There is one thiol group in beta-lactamase K1; it is not essential for activity. The pH-dependence of kcat. and kcat./Km for the hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin by beta-lactamase K1 were closely similar, suggesting that the rate-determining step is cleavage of the beta-lactam ring.

scholarly journals The effect of disulfiram on the aldehyde dehydrogenases of sheep liver

1975 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Kitson
Keyword(s):  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenases ◽  
Sheep Liver ◽  
Rate Profile

1. The effect of disulfiram on the activity of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases of sheep liver was studied. 2. Disulfiram causes an immediate inhibition of the enzyme reaction. The effect on the cytoplasmic enzyme is much greater than on the mitochondrial enzyme. 3. In both cases, the initial partial inhibition is followed by a gradual irreversible loss of activity. 4. The pH-rate profile of the inactivation of the mitochondrial enzyme by disulfiram and the pH-dependence of the maximum velocity of the enzyme-catalysed reaction are both consistent with the involvement of a thiol group. 5. Excess of 2-mercaptoethanol or GSH abolishes the effect of disulfiram. However, equimolar amounts of either of these reagents and disulfiram cause an effect greater than does disulfiram alone. It was shown that the mixed disulphide, Et2N-CS-SS-CH2-CH2OH, strongly inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase. 6. The inhibitory effect of diethyldithiocarbamate in vitro is due mainly to contamination by disulfiram.

Perturbing the General Base Residue Glu166 in the Active Site of Class A β-Lactamase Leads to Enhanced Carbapenem Binding and Acylation

Biochemistry ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (33) ◽  
pp. 5414-5423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehua Pan ◽  
Wai-Ting Wong ◽  
Yunjiao He ◽  
Yongwen Jiang ◽  
Yanxiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
General Base ◽  
Class A

scholarly journals Active-Site Protonation States in an Acyl-Enzyme Intermediate of a Class A β-Lactamase with a Monobactam Substrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venu Gopal Vandavasi ◽  
Patricia S. Langan ◽  
Kevin L. Weiss ◽  
Jerry M. Parks ◽  
Jonathan B. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Active Site Residues ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
General Base ◽  
Class A ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Enzyme Intermediate

ABSTRACT The monobactam antibiotic aztreonam is used to treat cystic fibrosis patients with chronic pulmonary infections colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains expressing CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases. The protonation states of active-site residues that are responsible for hydrolysis have been determined previously for the apo form of a CTX-M β-lactamase but not for a monobactam acyl-enzyme intermediate. Here we used neutron and high-resolution X-ray crystallography to probe the mechanism by which CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases hydrolyze monobactam antibiotics. In these first reported structures of a class A β-lactamase in an acyl-enzyme complex with aztreonam, we directly observed most of the hydrogen atoms (as deuterium) within the active site. Although Lys 234 is fully protonated in the acyl intermediate, we found that Lys 73 is neutral. These findings are consistent with Lys 73 being able to serve as a general base during the acylation part of the catalytic mechanism, as previously proposed.

scholarly journals The mutation Lys234His yields a class A β-lactamase with a novel pH-dependence

1991 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brannigan ◽  
A Matagne ◽  
F Jacob ◽  
C Damblon ◽  
B Joris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Type Enzyme ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Class A ◽  
Transition State Stabilization

The lysine-234 residue is highly conserved in beta-lactamases and in nearly all active-site-serine penicillin-recognizing enzymes. Its replacement by a histidine residue in the Streptomyces albus G class A beta-lactamase yielded an enzyme the pH-dependence of which was characterized by the appearance of a novel pK, which could be attributed to the newly introduced residue. At low pH, the kcat, value for benzylpenicillin was as high as 50% of that of the wild-type enzyme, demonstrating that an efficient active site was maintained. Both kcat. and kcat/Km dramatically decreased above pH 6 but the decrease in kcat./Km could not be attributed to larger Km values. Thus a positive charge on the side chain of residue 234 appears to be more essential for transition-state stabilization than for initial recognition of the substrate ground state.

scholarly journals 1250. Novel Boronic Acid Transition State Analogs (BATSI) with in vitro inhibitory activity against class A, B and C β-lactamases

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S643-S643
Author(s):  
Maria F Mojica ◽  
Christopher Bethel ◽  
Emilia Caselli ◽  
Magdalena A Taracila ◽  
Fabio Prati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Free Thiol ◽  
Transition State Analogs ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Free Thiol Group

Abstract Background Catalytic mechanisms of serine β-lactamases (SBL; classes A, C and D) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) have directed divergent strategies towards inhibitor design. SBL inhibitors act as high affinity substrates that -as in BATSIs- form a reversible, dative covalent bond with the conserved active site Ser. MBL inhibitors bind the active-site Zn2+ ions and displace the nucleophilic OH-. Herein, we explore the efficacy of a series of BATSI compounds with a free-thiol group at inhibiting both SBL and MBL. Methods Exploratory compounds were synthesized using stereoselective homologation of (+) pinandiol boronates to introduce the amino group on the boron-bearing carbon atom, which was subsequently acylated with mercaptopropanoic acid. Representative SBL (KPC-2, ADC-7, PDC-3 and OXA-23) and MBL (IMP-1, NDM-1 and VIM-2) were purified and used for the kinetic characterization of the BATSIs. In vitro activity was evaluated by a modified time-kill curve assay, using SBL and MBL-producing strains. Results Kinetic assays revealed that IC50 values ranged from 1.3 µM to >100 µM for this series. The best compound, s08033, demonstrated inhibitory activity against KPC-2, VIM-2, ADC-7 and PDC-3, with IC50 in the low μM range. Reduction of at least 1.5 log10-fold of viable cell counts upon exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of antibiotics (AB) + s08033, compared to the cells exposed to AB alone, demonstrated the microbiological activity of this novel compound against SBL- and MBL-producing E. coli (Table 1). Table 1 Conclusion Addition of a free-thiol group to the BATSI scaffold increases the range of these compounds resulting in a broad-spectrum inhibitor toward clinically important carbapenemases and cephalosporinases. Disclosures Robert A. Bonomo, MD, Entasis, Merck, Venatorx (Research Grant or Support)

scholarly journals Probing the ionization state of substrate α-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate bound to glycogen phosphorylase b

1995 ◽  
Vol 308 (3) ◽  
pp. 1017-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
I P Street ◽  
S G Withers
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Substrate Inhibition ◽  
19F Nmr ◽  
Ionization State ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Substrate Analogues ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase B ◽  
Pka Value

The ionization state of the substrate alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate bound at the active site of glycogen phosphorylase has been probed by a number of techniques. Values of Ki determined for a series of substrate analogue inhibitors in which the phosphate moiety bears differing charges suggest that the enzyme will bind both the monoanionic and dianionic substrates with approximately equal affinity. These results are strongly supported by 31P- and 19F-NMR studies of the bound substrate analogues alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 1-methylenephosphonate and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate, which also suggest that the substrate can be bound in either ionization state. The pH-dependences of the inhibition constants K1 for these two analogues, which have substantially different phosphate pK2 values (7.3 and 5.9 respectively), are found to be essentially identical with the pH-dependence of K(m) values for the substrate, inhibition decreasing according to an apparent pKa value of 7.2. This again indicates that there is no specificity for monoanion or dianion binding and also reveals that binding is associated with the uptake of a proton. As the bound substrate is not protonated, this proton must be taken up by the proton.

scholarly journals Alkylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with haloacetylphosphonates. An unusual pH-dependence

1991 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y K Li ◽  
J Boggaram ◽  
L D Byers
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Acidic Group ◽  
Irreversible Inhibitors ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Solvent Isotope ◽  
Bell Shaped Curve

Two new alkylating reagents, chloro- and bromo-acetylphosphonate, were found to be very effective thiol-blocking reagents. The pH-dependence of the reaction of BAP with 2,4-dinitrothiophenol (25 degrees C, I 0.5) shows a tailing bell-shaped curve (with a plateau at high pH) characteristic of two ionizing groups: the thiol group (pKa 3.2) and the phosphonate group (pKa2 4.6). The rate constant for the reaction of the monoanionic inhibitor with dinitrothiophenolate (k2 = 7 M-1.s-1) is 120 times larger than that of the dianionic species. The haloacetylphosphonates were found to be irreversible inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from a variety of sources. They react with the active-site thiol group (Cys-149) and are half-site reagents with yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Thus, when two of the identical four subunits are modified the enzyme is catalytically inactive. The effects of pH (7-10), 2H2O and NAD+ on the reaction with the yeast enzyme were examined in detail. NAD+ enhances the alkylation rates. The second-order rate constant does not show a simple sigmoidal dependence on pH but rather a tailing bell-shaped curve (pKa 7.0 and 8.4) qualitatively similar to that obtained with dinitrothiophenol. There is no significant solvent isotope effect on the limiting rate constants and a normal isotope effect on the two pKa values. The results are consistent with the more reactive enzyme species containing a thiolate and an acidic group that may either donate a proton to the dianionic haloacetylphosphonate or orient the inhibitor.

scholarly journals Chemical modification of serine at the active site of penicillin acylase from Kluyvera citrophila

1991 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Martín ◽  
A Slade ◽  
A Aitken ◽  
R Arche ◽  
R Virden
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Iodoacetic Acid ◽  
Penicillin Acylase ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Serine Residue ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Ester Substrate

The site of reaction of penicillin acylase from Kluyvera citrophila with the potent inhibitor phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride was investigated by incubating the inactivated enzyme with thioacetic acid to convert the side chain of the putative active-site serine residue to that of cysteine. The protein product contained one thiol group, which was reactive towards 2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide and iodoacetic acid. Carboxymethylcysteine was identified as the N-terminal residue of the beta-subunit of the carboxy[3H]methylthiol-protein. No significant changes in tertiary structure were detected in the modified penicillin acylase using near-u.v. c.d. spectroscopy. However, the catalytic activity (kcat) with either an anilide or an ester substrate was decreased in the thiol-protein by a factor of more than 10(4). A comparison of sequences of apparently related acylases shows no other extensive regions of conserved sequence containing an invariant serine residue. The side chain of this residue is proposed as a candidate nucleophile in the formation of an acyl-enzyme during catalysis.

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