scholarly journals Adipose-tissue Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. Control of activity and subcellular distribution in vitro and in vivo

1986 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Taylor ◽  
E D Saggerson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetes ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis ◽  
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase

The subcellular distribution of Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in rat adipocytes between a soluble and a membrane-bound fraction was measured by using both centrifugal fractionation and a novel Millipore-filtration method. The relative proportion of the phosphohydrolase associated with the particulate fraction was increased on incubation of cells with noradrenaline or palmitate. Insulin on its own decreased the proportion of the phosphohydrolase that was particulate and abolished the effect of noradrenaline, but not that of palmitate. The effect of noradrenaline on phosphohydrolase distribution was rapid, the effect being maximal within 10 min. Noradrenaline exerted this effect with a similar concentration-dependence to its lipolytic effect. Inclusion of albumin in homogenization buffers decreased the proportion of the phosphohydrolase that was particulate, but did not abolish the effect of noradrenaline. There was limited correlation between the proportion of the phosphohydrolase that was particulate and the measured rate of triacylglycerol synthesis in adipocytes incubated under a variety of conditions. Starvation, streptozotocin-diabetes and hypothyroidism decreased the specific activities of the phosphohydrolase and glycerolphosphate acyltransferase in homogenates from epididymal fat-pads. Restoration of these activities in the diabetic state was seen after administration of insulin over 2 days or, in the short term, within 2 h after a single administration of insulin. Administration of thyroxine over 3 days caused restoration of these activities in the hypothyroid state. Starvation and diabetes increased the proportion of the phosphohydrolase found in the microsomal fraction. This change was not seen when albumin was present in homogenization buffers. The possible role of fatty acids as regulators of the intracellular translocation of the phosphohydrolase, together with the role of this enzyme in the regulation of triacylglycerol synthesis in adipose tissue, is discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of streptozotocin-diabetes and insulin administration in vivo or in vitro on the activities of five enzymes in the adipose-tissue triacylglycerol-synthesis pathway

1987 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
E D Saggerson ◽  
C A Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetes ◽  
Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis ◽  
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase

At 2 days after administration of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg), activities in rat epididymal fat-pads of the following enzymes were significantly decreased: fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FAS), mitochondrial and microsomal forms of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), monoacylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (MGPAT) and Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PPH). There were no significant changes in diacylglycerol acyltransferase or Mg2+-independent PPH. Insulin administration to diabetic rats over 2 days restored activities of FAS, both forms of GPAT, MGPAT and Mg2+-dependent PPH. Significant restoration of all five activities was also seen 2 h after a single administration of insulin, but was not observed 45 min after insulin treatment. Insulin significantly increased all five enzyme activities when adipocytes from diabetic rats were incubated for 2 h with a mixture of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and amino acids.

scholarly journals Cellular adaptations in fat tissue of exercise-trained miniature swine: role of excess energy intake

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gale B. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine

This study examined the influence of energy expenditure and energy intake on cellular mechanisms regulating adipose tissue metabolism. 1 Twenty-four swine were assigned to restricted-fed sedentary, restricted-fed exercise-trained, full-fed sedentary, or full-fed exercise-trained groups. After 3 mo of treatment, adipocytes were isolated and adipocyte size, adenosine A1 receptor characteristics, and lipolytic sensitivity were measured. Swine were infused with epinephrine during which adipose tissue extracellular adenosine, plasma fatty acids, and plasma glycerol were measured. Results revealed that adipocytes isolated from restricted-fed exercised swine had a smaller diameter, a lower number of A1 receptors, and a greater sensitivity to lipolytic stimulation, compared with adipocytes from full-fed exercised swine. Extracellular adenosine levels were transiently increased on infusion of epinephrine in adipose tissue of restricted-fed exercised but not full-fed exercised swine. These results suggest a role for adenosine in explaining the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo lipolysis findings and underscore the notion that excess energy intake dampens the lipolytic sensitivity of adipocytes to β-agonists and adenosine, even if accompanied by exercise training.

Chondrosarcoma growth: influence of diabetes, caloric restriction, and insulin treatment

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (2) ◽  
pp. E129-E135 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. McCumbee ◽  
H. E. Lebovitz
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diet Restriction ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
Serum Pool ◽  
In Vivo Growth

Diabetes and malnutrition result in decreased somatomedin production and cartilage growth in rats. The growth and metabolism of the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma are dramatically affected by somatomedins. Data presented here show that streptozotocin diabetes and diet restriction inhibit in vivo chondrosarcoma growth. Tumors grown in diabetic rats were significantly smaller than tumors grown in diet-restricted rats showing the same changes in body weight. Insulin treatment increased the rate of tumor growth in diabetic rats. Tumors grown in rigidly controlled diabetic rats were as large as tumors grown in nondiabetic controls. Diet restriction and diabetes reduced the capacity of the serum of the rat to stimulate alpha-amino[14C]isobutyrate uptake and [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA in chondrosarcoma pieces grown in nondiabetic rats. This somatomedin activity of the serum was restored by treating diabetic rats with insulin. There was a significant correlation between the in vitro stimulatory effect of a particular serum pool on chondrosarcoma metabolism and in vivo chondrosarcoma growth in the animals from whom the serum was obtained. These studies demonstrate that the in vivo growth of malignant chondrocytes is similar to that of normal chondrocytes with respect to the role of nutrition and insulin.

Control of glyceroneogenic activity in rat brown adipose tissue

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (1) ◽  
pp. R177-R182 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. L. Festuccia ◽  
N. H. Kawashita ◽  
M. A. R. Garofalo ◽  
M. A. F. Moura ◽  
S. R. C. Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetes ◽  
Sympathetic Control ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Brown Adipose

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) glyceroneogenesis was evaluated in rats either fasted for 48 h or with streptozotocin-diabetes induced 3 days previously or adapted for 20 days to a high-protein, carbohydrate-free (HP) diet, conditions in which BAT glucose utilization is reduced. The three treatments induced an increase in BAT glyceroneogenic activity, evidenced by increased rates of incorporation of [1-14C]pyruvate into triacylglycerol (TAG)-glycerol in vitro and a marked, threefold increase in the activity of BAT phospho enolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). BAT glycerokinase activity was not significantly affected by fasting or diabetes. After unilateral BAT denervation of rats fed either the HP or a balanced diet, glyceroneogenesis activity increased in denervated pads, evidenced by increased rates of nonglucose carbon incorporation into TAG-glycerol in vivo (difference between 3H2O and [14C]glucose incorporations) and of [1-14C]pyruvate in vitro. PEPCK activity was not significantly affected by denervation. The data suggest that BAT glyceroneogenesis is not under sympathetic control but is sensitive to hormonal/metabolic factors. In situations of reduced glucose use there is an increase in BAT glyceroneogenesis that may compensate the decreased generation of glycerol-3-phosphate from the hexose.

scholarly journals The Role of Peptide Hormones Discovered in the 21st Century in the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Functions

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Paweł A. Kołodziejski ◽  
Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek ◽  
Tatiana Wojciechowicz ◽  
Maciej Sassek ◽  
Natalia Leciejewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Peptide Hormones ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Homeostasis Regulation

Peptide hormones play a prominent role in controlling energy homeostasis and metabolism. They have been implicated in controlling appetite, the function of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, energy expenditure, and reproduction. Furthermore, there is growing evidence indicating that peptide hormones and their receptors contribute to energy homeostasis regulation by interacting with white and brown adipose tissue. In this article, we review and discuss the literature addressing the role of selected peptide hormones discovered in the 21st century (adropin, apelin, elabela, irisin, kisspeptin, MOTS-c, phoenixin, spexin, and neuropeptides B and W) in controlling white and brown adipogenesis. Furthermore, we elaborate how these hormones control adipose tissue functions in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals The Metabolic Effects of Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPLT8) are Differentially Regulated by Insulin and Glucose in Adipose Tissue and Liver and are Controlled by AMPK Signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Chris E. Shannon ◽  
Terry M. Bakewell ◽  
Muhammad A. Abdul-Ghani ◽  
Marcel Fourcaudot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Insulin Clamp ◽  
Metabolic Role

AbstractObjectiveThe angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family represents a promising therapeutic target for dyslipidemia, which is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolic role of ANGPTL8 and to investigate its nutritional, hormonal and molecular regulation in key metabolic tissues.MethodsThe metabolism of ANGPTL8 knockout mice (ANGPTL8−/−) was examined in mice following chow and high-fat diets (HFD). The regulation of ANGPTL8 expression by insulin and glucose was quantified using a combination of in vivo insulin clamp experiments in mice and in vitro experiments in hepatocytes and adipocytes. The role of AMPK signaling was examined, and the transcriptional control of ANGPTL8 was determined using bioinformatic and luciferase reporter approaches.ResultsThe ANGPTL8−/−mice had improved glucose tolerance and displayed reduced fed and fasted plasma triglycerides. However, there was no reduction in steatosis in ANGPTL8−/−mice after the HFD. Insulin acutely activated ANGPTL8 expression in liver and adipose tissue, which was mediated by C/EBPβ. Using insulin clamp experiments we observed that glucose further enhanced ANGPTL8 expression in the presence of insulin in adipocytes only. The activation of AMPK signaling potently suppressed the effect of insulin on ANGPTL8 expression in hepatocytes.ConclusionThese data show that ANGPTL8 plays an important metabolic role in mice that may extend beyond triglyceride metabolism. The finding that insulin and glucose have distinct roles in regulating ANGPTL8 expression in liver and adipose tissue may provide important clues about the function of ANGPTL8 in these tissues.

scholarly journals Role of SMAD2 and SMAD3 on Adipose Tissue Development and Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Roshan Kumari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Activin A ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Introduction: Obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome are major medical problems worldwide including United States. Adipose tissue is the primary site of energy storage, playing important roles in health. Adipose tissue also has other critical functions, producing adipocytokines and contributing to normal nutrient metabolism, which in turn play important roles in satiety, inflammation, and total energy homeostasis. Activin A and activin B play important roles in maintaining body composition and energy homeostasis. This dissertation highlights the role of activin/SMADs signaling in adipose tissue development, function, and maintenance. SMAD2/3 proteins are downstream mediators of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family signaling, including activins, which regulate critical preadipocyte and mature adipocyte functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that Smad2 global knockout mice exhibit embryonic lethality, whereas global loss of Smad3 protects mice against diet-induced obesity and the direct contributions of Smad2 and Smad3 in adipose tissues individually or in combination and the responses of these tissues to activin signaling are unknown. Additionally, our lab demonstrated that the combined loss of activin A and activin B have reduced adiposity in mice and appearance of brown-like cells in visceral white adipose tissue. However, the cell-autonomous role of activins on cell proliferation and differentiation remained unknown in vitro. My hypothesis was that activin signaling regulate adipocyte differentiation and functions via SMAD2/3-mediated mechanism(s) and that the individual or combined adipose-specific deletion of SMAD2/SMAD3 would result in reduced adiposity similar to activin deficient mice. Objective: Here, we sought to determine the primary effects of adipocyte-selective reduction of Smad2 or Smad3 individually and in combination, on diet-induced adiposity and to establish whether preadipocytes isolated from subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissues differ in their differentiation capacity. We also assessed the role of activins on cell proliferation and differentiation using an in vitro model. Research Design: To assess the adipose-selective requirements of Smad2, Smad3 and Smad2/3, we generated three lines of adipose-selective conditional knockout (cKO) mice including Smad2cKO, Smad3cKO, and Smad2/3 double cKO mice using Smad2 and/or Smad3 “floxed” mice intercrossed with Adiponectin-Cre mice. Additionally, we isolated preadipocytes and examined adipogenic activity of visceral and subcutaneous preadipocyte and the effects of activin on preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from wild type mice and activin double knockout mice to study the cell autonomous role of activin on differentiation and cell fate. Results: Our results demonstrated that subcutaneous preadipocytes differentiate uniformly and almost all wildtype subcutaneous preadipocytes differentiated into mature adipocytes. In contrast, visceral preadipocytes differentiated poorly. Exogenous activin A promoted proliferation and suppressed differentiation of subcutaneous preadipocytes more robustly given that visceral adipocytes differentiate poorly at baseline. Additionally, global knockout of activin A and B promoted differentiation and browning in differentiated MEFs in vitro consistent with in vivo studies. Furthermore, we showed that Smad2cKO mice did not exhibit significant effects on weight gain, irrespective of diet, whereas Smad3cKO male mice displayed a trend of reduced body weight on high fat diet. On both (LFD and HFD) diets, Smad3cKO male mice displayed an adipose depot-selective phenotype, with significant reduction in subcutaneous fat mass but not visceral fat mass. Smad2/3cKO male mice did not show any difference in body weight or fat mass compared to control mice. Female mice with adipose-selective combined deletion of Smad2/3, displayed reduced body weight and reduction of fat mass in both visceral and subcutaneous depot with higher metabolic rate on HFD compared to control littermates. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that Smad3 is an important contributor to the development and/or maintenance of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in a sex-selective fashion. Combined reduction of Smad2/3 protects female mice from diet induced obesity and is important for visceral and subcutaneous depots in a sex-selective fashion. These findings have implications for understanding SMAD-mediated, depot selective regulation of adipocyte growth and differentiation. Activin treatment promoted proliferation of preadipocytes, while activin deficiency promoted differentiation and altered the phenotypic characteristics of White adipocytes to brown-like cells in vitro consistent with in vivo.

From mice to men – mouse models in obesity research: What can we learn?

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Scroyen ◽  
Bianca Hemmeryckx ◽  
H. Roger Lijnen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Proteolytic System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Remodelling ◽  
Adipose Tissue Development ◽  
Experimental Mouse

summaryObesity has become a world-wide epidemic and is associated with diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. Understanding the adipose tissue developmental process, involving adipogenesis, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodelling, is therefore crucial to reveal the pathobiology of obesity. Experimental mouse models are extensively used to gain new insights into these processes and to evaluate the role of new key players, in particular proteolytic system components, in adipose tissue development and obesity. In this paper, we will review available in vitro and in vivo murine models of obesity and discuss their value in understanding the mechanisms contributing to obesity.

Regulation of ANGPTL8 in liver and adipose tissue by nutritional and hormonal signals and its effect on glucose homeostasis in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. E613-E624
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Chris E. Shannon ◽  
Terry M. Bakewell ◽  
Muhammad A. Abdul-Ghani ◽  
Marcel Fourcaudot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Insulin Clamp ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target

The angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family represents a promising therapeutic target for dyslipidemia, which is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolic role of ANGPTL8 and to investigate its nutritional, hormonal, and molecular regulation in key metabolic tissues. The regulation of Angptl8 gene expression by insulin and glucose was quantified using a combination of in vivo insulin clamp experiments in mice and in vitro experiments in primary and cultured hepatocytes and adipocytes. The role of AMPK signaling was examined, and the transcriptional control of Angptl8 was determined using bioinformatic and luciferase reporter approaches. The metabolism of Angptl8 knockout mice (ANGPTL8−/−) was examined following chow and high-fat diets (HFD). Insulin acutely increased Angptl8 expression in liver and adipose tissue, which involved the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ) transcription factor. In insulin clamp experiments, glucose further enhanced Angptl8 expression in the presence of insulin in adipose tissue. The activation of AMPK signaling antagonized the effect of insulin on Angptl8 expression in hepatocytes and adipocytes. The ANGPTL8−/− mice had improved glucose tolerance and displayed reduced fed and fasted plasma triglycerides. However, there was no change in body weight or steatosis in ANGPTL8−/− mice after the HFD. These data show that ANGPTL8 plays important metabolic roles in mice that extend beyond triglyceride metabolism. The finding that insulin, glucose, and AMPK signaling regulate Angptl8 expression may provide important clues about the distinct function of ANGPTL8 in these tissues.

scholarly journals Analysis of the role of Nidogen/entactin in basement membrane assembly and morphogenesis in Drosophila

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianli Dai ◽  
Beatriz Estrada ◽  
Sofie Jacobs ◽  
Besaiz J. Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Jia Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Collagen Iv ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Extracellular Matrices ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Type Iv

AbstractBasement membranes (BMs) are thin sheet-like specialized extracellular matrices found at the basal surface of epithelia and endothelial tissues. They have been conserved across evolution and are required for proper tissue growth, organization, differentiation and maintenance. The major constituents of BMs are two independent networks of Laminin and Type IV Collagen interlinked by the proteoglycan Perlecan and the glycoprotein Nidogen/entactin (Ndg). The ability of Ndg to bind in vitro Collagen IV and Laminin, both with key functions during embryogenesis, anticipated an essential role for Ndg on morphogenesis linking the Laminin and Collagen IV networks. This was supported by results from in vitro and cultured embryonic tissues experiments. However, the fact that elimination of Ndg in C. elegans and mice did not affect survival, strongly questioned this proposed linking role. Here, we have isolated mutations in the only Ndg gene present in Drosophila. We find that while, similar to C.elegans and mice, Ndg is not essential for overall organogenesis or viability, it is required for appropriate fertility. We also find, alike in mice, tissue-specific requirements of Ndg for proper assembly and maintenance of certain BMs, namely those of the adipose tissue and flight muscles. In addition, we have performed a thorough functional analysis of the different Ndg domains in vivo. Our results support an essential requirement of the G3 domain for Ndg function and unravel a new key role for the Rod domain in regulating Ndg incorporation into BMs. Furthermore, uncoupling of the Laminin and Collagen IV networks is clearly observed in the larval adipose tissue in the absence of Ndg, indeed supporting a linking role. In light of our findings, we propose that BM assembly and/or maintenance is tissue-specific, which could explain the diverse requirements of a ubiquitous conserved BM component like Nidogen.Author SummaryBasement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of specialized extracellular matrices present in every tissue of the human body. Its main constituents are two networks of Laminin and Type IV Collagen linked by Nidogen (Ndg) and proteoglycans. They form an organized scaffold that regulates organ morphogenesis and function. Mutations affecting BM components are associated with organ dysfunction and several congenital diseases. Thus, a better comprehension of BM assembly and maintenance will not only help to learn more about organogenesis but also to a better understanding and, hopefully, treatment of these diseases. Here, we have used Drosophila to analyse the role of Ndg in BM formation in vivo. Elimination of Ndg in worms and mice does not affect survival, strongly questioning its proposed linking role, derived from in vitro experiments. Here, we show that in the fly Ndg is dispensable for BM assembly and preservation in many tissues, but absolutely required in others. Furthermore, our functional study of the different Ndg domains challenges the significance of some interactions between BM components derived from in vitro experiments, while confirming others, and reveals a new key requirement for the Rod domain in Ndg function and incorporation into BMs.

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