scholarly journals Effects of glucose-containing peritoneal-dialysis solutions on rates of lipogenesis in vivo in the liver, brown and white adipose tissue of chronic uraemic rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Klim ◽  
D H Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis Solution ◽  
Fat Pads

Chronic uraemic rats had decreased food intake, and this was accompanied by decreased weight of the epididymal fat-pads and interscapular brown adipose tissue. Normal rats whose food intake was restricted to an amount similar to that of the uraemic rats showed similar decreases in weight of the adipose-tissue depots. In addition, the food-restricted rats had decreased liver weight compared with normal or uraemic rats. The basal rate of lipogenesis was decreased in liver and epididymal fat-pads of food-restricted and uraemic rats and in interscapular brown adipose tissue of uraemic rats. Administration of a low-glucose-containing (1.36%) peritoneal-dialysis solution slightly increased lipogenesis in liver of uraemic rats, but had no significant effect in epididymal fat-pads. For brown fat, the rate of lipogenesis was increased in normal, food-restricted and uraemic groups, but the values for the last group were 4-5-fold lower than for the food-restricted or control groups. A high-glucose-containing (3.86%) peritoneal-dialysis solution gave similar rates of lipogenesis in liver, epididymal fat-pads and brown fat of all three groups, but for brown fat moderately uraemic rats showed a considerably lower rate of lipogenesis than did mildly uraemic rats. The basal plasma insulin concentration was lower in the food-restricted (50%) and uraemic (70%) groups than in the control group. The low-glucose peritoneal-dialysis solution increased plasma insulin to control values in the food-restricted rats, but had no significant effect on plasma insulin in the uraemic rats, despite a significant increase in blood glucose in this group. It is concluded that there is an impairment of the lipogenic response to intraperitoneal glucose loads in interscapular brown adipose tissue of uraemic rats, and that this is not due to the accompanying decrease in food intake. The hypoinsulinaemia may be an important factor. The possible relevance of this finding to the obesity observed in some uraemic patients treated by peritoneal dialysis with glucose-containing solutions is discussed.

scholarly journals A Lipophilic Fucoxanthin-Rich Phaeodactylum tricornutum Extract Ameliorates Effects of Diet-Induced Obesity in C57BL/6J Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gille ◽  
Bojan Stojnic ◽  
Felix Derwenskus ◽  
Andreas Trautmann ◽  
Ulrike Schmid-Staiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Lipid Uptake ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose

Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) comprise several lipophilic constituents with proposed anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. We investigated the effect of an ethanolic P. tricornutum extract (PTE) on energy metabolism in obesity-prone mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Six- to eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were switched to HFD and, at the same time, received orally placebo or PTE (100 mg or 300 mg/kg body weight/day). Body weight, body composition, and food intake were monitored. After 26 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical, morphological, and gene expression analyses. PTE-supplemented mice accumulated fucoxanthin metabolites in adipose tissues and attained lower body weight gain, body fat content, weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) depots, and inguinal WAT adipocyte size than controls, independent of decreased food intake. PTE supplementation was associated with lower expression of Mest (a marker of fat tissue expandability) in WAT depots, lower gene expression related to lipid uptake and turnover in visceral WAT, increased expression of genes key to fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis (Cpt1, Ucp1) in subcutaneous WAT, and signs of thermogenic activation including enhanced UCP1 protein in interscapular brown adipose tissue. In conclusion, these data show the potential of PTE to ameliorate HFD-induced obesity in vivo.

Effect of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement on development of obesity

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (4) ◽  
pp. R595-R607 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Freedman ◽  
B. A. Horwitz ◽  
J. S. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Steroid Dose ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats

Female obese and lean Zucker rats were adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham-operated at 4 wk of age. ADX animals were given daily injections of 0.01, 0.05, 0.50, 1.0, or 2.0 mg hydrocortisone/100 g body wt for 30 days. ADX rats gained less weight than sham-operated controls. Obese ADX rats at the lowest dose (0.01) had a net positive energy gain but lost body fat. As steroid dose increased, obese rats deposited more fat and less protein. Doses of 0.01 and 0.05 mg produced rats that were less fat than sham-operated controls, whereas doses of 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mg produced rats of comparable body fat composition. Obese rats were consistently fatter and had a significantly smaller percentage body protein than lean rats at each dose. Body fat elevation was reflected by heavier parametrial and retroperitoneal fat depots and larger fat cells at all doses except the lowest. Compared with sham-operated controls, lean and obese rats at the two lowest replacement doses (0.01, 0.05) exhibited significantly decreased plasma insulin and triglyceride levels and significantly elevated brown adipose tissue protein content and citrate synthase (CS) activity. Obese rats at these doses had significantly reduced adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in the retroperitoneal depot and lower food intake. Furthermore, these obese rats had adipose depot weights, cell sizes, LPL activity, and plasma insulin, glucose, and triglyceride comparable to that of lean sham-operated controls. As steroid dose increased (0.5, 1.0, 2.0), plasma insulin and triglyceride and food intake markedly increased only in obese rats. Adipose tissue LPL activity appeared unaffected by dose. Brown adipose tissue protein content and CS activity significantly decreased as dose increased in both lean and obese rats. At all doses of replacement obese rats were more responsive to steroid than were lean rats. Obese rats receiving 0.01 mg had comparable fat depot weights, cell sizes, and plasma insulin and triglyceride as lean rats receiving 50 times as much steroid per day (0.50 mg). These results suggest glucocorticoids play an important role in the early development of obesity in the Zucker rat and support the hypothesis that obese rats are more responsive to glucocorticoids than are lean rats.

Decreased brown adipose tissue thermogenic activity following a reduction in brain serotonin by intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel J. Fuller ◽  
Dorothy M. Stirling ◽  
Stephen Dunnett ◽  
Gavin P. Reynolds ◽  
Margaret Ashwell
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Brain Serotonin ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sympathetic Control ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Established Role

The effects of reducing brain serotonin (5-HT) levels by means of intracerebral-ventricular injections of the tryptophan antagonist p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were investigated in male rats. Six days after the operation, PCPA-treated rats, either fed ad libitum or pair-fed to the food intake of control rats, showed decreased thermogenic activity and capacity in their interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and also increased fat storage in their white adipose tissue (WAT). These results indicate that serotonergic synapses might play a regulatory role in the sympathetic control of BAT thermogenesis and in the rate of WAT deposition (by an as yet unidentified mechanism), in addition to their well established role in controlling food intake.

Ventromedial hypothalamic knife-cut lesions in rats resistant to dietary obesity

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (6) ◽  
pp. R943-R948 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Oku ◽  
G. A. Bray ◽  
J. S. Fisler ◽  
R. Schemmel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Dietary Obesity

The effects of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) knife-cut lesions on food intake and body weight of S 5B/Pl rats, which are normally resistant to obesity when eating a high-fat diet, were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment body weight increased only slightly after VMH knife-cut lesions when animals were fed pelleted laboratory chow or a 10% corn oil diet. When eating the 30% corn oil diet, however, body weight increased in the VMH knife-cut rats. In the second experiment VMH knife-cut lesions produced a small weight gain in rats fed the 10% fat diet; this manipulation also increased food intake and disrupted the normal diurnal feeding pattern. Changes in the weight of the liver, interscapular brown adipose tissue, and white adipose tissue paralleled the changes in body weight. Plasma insulin increased in the rats eating the 30% corn oil diet ad libitum but not in the VMH-lesioned animals pair fed to the sham-operated rats. Incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into lipid was significantly increased in white fat of animals with VMH knife cuts. Similar results were obtained from incubation of adipose tissue in vitro with insulin and radioactively labeled glucose. These studies show that hypothalamic knife-cut lesions can remove the resistance of the S 5B/Pl rats to obesity when they are fed a high-fat diet.

Transient upregulation of IGF-I gene expression in brown adipose tissue of cold-exposed rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (3) ◽  
pp. E453-E460 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Duchamp ◽  
K. A. Burton ◽  
A. Geloen ◽  
M. J. Dauncey
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Igf I

The possible involvement of locally produced insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the cold-induced hyperplasia of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) was investigated in 2-, 4-, and 7-day cold-exposed (CE, 4 degrees C) rats by measuring BAT IGF-I expression at a time when extensive BAT cell proliferation occurs. By comparison with thermoneutral (25 degrees C) controls, plasma IGF-I decreased in CE rats despite an increased food intake, whereas BAT IGF-I peptide increased markedly to peak after 4 days at 4 degrees C. The ratio of class 1 to class 2 IGF-I mRNA was much higher in BAT than in liver. BAT IGF-I mRNA levels per unit weight total RNA doubled after 2 days at 4 degrees C but decreased thereafter to the level in controls. Upregulation of BAT IGF-I mRNA also occurred in CE rats with a food intake restricted to the level of controls. The transient cold-induced upregulation of BAT IGF-I (per unit weight total RNA) suggests that IGF-I plays a role in the early cold-induced BAT hyperplasia that occurs in vivo.

Energy balance and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during pregnancy in Syrian hamsters

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. R845-R850 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Wade ◽  
G. Jennings ◽  
P. Trayhurn
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis ◽  
Circulating Levels

Energy balance and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis were examined during pregnancy in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Neither estrous cycles nor pregnancy had any effect on food intake, but both were accompanied by significant changes in body weight. Despite their substantial weight gains (attributable to growth of fetuses and placentas), pregnant hamsters actually lost a mean of 48 kJ in carcass energy, whereas unmated controls gained 98 kJ over the same 15 days. During pregnancy hamsters exhibited an increase in protein deposition (almost entirely in the fetuses and placentas), but they lost nearly 40% of their body lipid. An apparent increase in energy expenditure occurred despite a highly significant decrease in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during pregnancy. By day 15 of pregnancy (within 13 h of expected parturition) there were substantial decreases in interscapular brown adipose tissue weight (-59%), protein content (-54%), and cytochrome-c oxidase activity (-69%). These changes in brown adipose tissue were evident by day 4 of pregnancy and persisted through lactation. It is suggested that this suppression of brown adipose tissue function is due to increased circulating levels of prolactin and subsequently to the nutritional stress of conceptus growth in the absence of an increase in food intake.

beta 3-Adrenergic-mediated suppression of leptin gene expression in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (6) ◽  
pp. E1031-E1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Li ◽  
M. Matheny ◽  
P. J. Scarpace
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Cgp 12177 ◽  
Rat Strain

To investigate the role of beta 3-adrenergic receptors in the suppression of leptin gene expression, we fasted F-344 rats to decrease leptin mRNA levels, refed the rats to stimulate leptin mRNA production, and examined the ability of the beta 3-adrenergic agonist CGP-12177 to prevent the rise in leptin mRNA levels. In the initial 2 h after CGP-12177 (0.75 mg/kg), there were significant reductions in both food consumption and leptin mRNA levels in epididymal, perirenal, and interscapular white adipose tissue. We were unable to detect leptin mRNA in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), whereas there was a significant increase in uncoupling protein mRNA levels in IBAT after CGP-12177. The suppression of leptin mRNA and food intake by CGP-12177 was confirmed in a second experiment using another rat strain, the F-344 x BN. Furthermore, refeeding after a period of fasting increased leptin mRNA, which was prevented by CGP-12177. These data indicate a role for beta 3-adrenergic-mediated regulation of leptin gene expression in nonmutant rodents and are consistent with other reports suggesting that beta 3-adrenergic agonists suppress food intake.

Brown and white adipose tissue metabolism in cold-exposed rats

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Steiner ◽  
G. F. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Fat Pads

Brown and white adipose tissue from rats exposed to 5 C for 9 days has been studied with reference to its composition and handling of glucose-U-C14 in vivo and in vitro. Brown adipose tissue from cold-exposed rats demonstrated a decreased lipid content per milligram nitrogen, due mainly to decreased amounts of neutral lipid with little change in phospholipid. The incorporation of glucose into neutral lipids, glyceride glycerol, and fatty acids was increased in vivo and in vitro. There was increased incorporation into CO2 in vitro and there was no change in glucose conversion to phospholipid in vivo. No changes in any of these were noted in epididymal fat pads. These findings suggest that cold exposure leads to alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue but not in epididymal fat pads. The possible role in thermogenesis is discussed.

scholarly journals Evidence that fatty acid synthesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue of cold-adapted rats is increased in vivo by insulin by mechanisms involving parallel activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase

1977 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
J G McCormack ◽  
R M Denton
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Brown Adipose

Plasma insulin concentrations in cold-adapted rats were altered acutely by administration of glucose or anti-insulin serum. Rates of fatty acid synthesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue were determined from the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into tissue lipid. Rates of synthesis were greatly elevated after glucose administration and markedly decreased after injection with anti-insulin serum. Parallel changes in the initial activities of both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase were observed under these conditions, but no changes in total activities were evident. The results suggest that this tissue is an important site of fatty acid synthesis in the cold-adapted rat and that this feature of the tissue is sensitive to changes in plasma insulin concentrations.

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