Breaking the code: Ca2+ sensors in plant signalling

2009 ◽  
Vol 425 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. DeFalco ◽  
Kyle W. Bender ◽  
Wayne A. Snedden
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Ef Hand ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases

Ca2+ ions play a vital role as second messengers in plant cells during various developmental processes and in response to environmental stimuli. Plants have evolved a diversity of unique proteins that bind Ca2+ using the evolutionarily conserved EF-hand motif. The currently held hypothesis is that these proteins function as Ca2+ sensors by undergoing conformational changes in response to Ca2+-binding that facilitate their regulation of target proteins and thereby co-ordinate various signalling pathways. The three main classes of these EF-hand Ca2+sensors in plants are CaMs [calmodulins; including CMLs (CaM-like proteins)], CDPKs (calcium-dependent protein kinases) and CBLs (calcineurin B-like proteins). In the plant species examined to date, each of these classes is represented by a large family of proteins, most of which have not been characterized biochemically and whose physiological roles remain unclear. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in research on CaMs and CMLs, CDPKs and CBLs, and we attempt to integrate the current knowledge on the different sensor classes into common physiological themes.

scholarly journals Structure and functions of plant calcium-dependent protein kinases.

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Klimecka ◽  
Grazyna Muszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Cytoskeleton Organization ◽  
Calcium Sensors ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases

Calcium ions as second messengers play an essential role in many important cellular processes. In plants, transient changes in calcium content in the cytosol (calcium signatures) have been observed during growth, development and under stress conditions. Such diverse functions require many different calcium sensors. One of the largest and most differentiated group of calcium sensors are protein kinases, among them calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) which were identified only in plants and protists. CDPKs have a regulatory domain which is able to bind calcium ions. For regulation of CDPKs activities not only calcium ions but also specific phospholipids and autophosphorylation are responsible. CDPKs have many different substrates, which reflects the diversity of their functions. Potential protein substrates of CDPK are involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, defense responses, ion and water transport, cytoskeleton organization, transcription and hormone responses. Presently, participation of CDPKs in stress signal transduction pathways (e.g., cold, drought, high salinity, wounding) is intensively studied in many laboratories. An intriguing, but still not fully clarified problem is the cross-talk via CDPKs among different signaling pathways that enables signal integration at different levels and ensure appropriate downstream responses.

scholarly journals Molecular Players of EF-hand Containing Calcium Signaling Event in Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapan Mohanta ◽  
Dhananjay Yadav ◽  
Abdul Khan ◽  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
Elsayed Abd_Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signaling ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Ef Hand ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases ◽  
Ef Hands

Ca2+ is a universal second messenger that plays a pivotal role in diverse signaling mechanisms in almost all life forms. Since the evolution of life from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, Ca2+ signaling systems have expanded and diversified enormously. Although there are several Ca2+ sensing molecules found in a cell, EF-hand containing proteins play a principal role in calcium signaling event in plants. The major EF-hand containing proteins are calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin like proteins (CMLs), calcineurin B-like (CBL) and calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs). CaMs and CPKs contain calcium binding conserved D-x-D motifs in their EF-hands (one motif in each EF-hand) whereas CMLs contain a D-x3-D motif in the first and second EF-hands that bind the calcium ion. Calcium signaling proteins form a complex interactome network with their target proteins. The CMLs are the most primitive calcium binding proteins. During the course of evolution, CMLs are evolved into CaMs and subsequently the CaMs appear to have merged with protein kinase molecules to give rise to calcium dependent protein kinases with distinct and multiple new functions. Ca2+ signaling molecules have evolved in a lineage specific manner with several of the calcium signaling genes being lost in the monocot lineage.

Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPK) in Abiotic Stress Tolerance

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant B Kardile ◽  
◽  
Vikrant ◽  
Nirmal Kant Sharma ◽  
Ankita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases

scholarly journals Exploring Ruthenium-based organometallic inhibitors against Plasmodium Calcium Dependent Kinase 2 (PfCDPK2): a combined ensemble docking, QM paramterization and molecular dynamics study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhaval Patel ◽  
Mohd Athar ◽  
Prakash C. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Ensemble Docking ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
The Given ◽  
Computational Drug Discovery

ABSTRACTRecent advances in the metal-organic framework (MOF) have accelerated the discovery of novel metal-based anticancer, antibacterial and antimalarial compounds. This is substantiated by many serendipitously discovered metals (Ru, Rh, and Ir) based inhibitors that established the importance of metal inserted into the known organic scaffold. Conversely, it is possible to design novel bioactive compounds by mimicking hypervalent carbon atoms by transition metals. This process can be facilitated by computational drug discovery by treating metal center using optimized parameters that can be used for molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Further, the method can be plugged with high computational power and refined algorithms to interpret chemical phenomena with atomic-level insights. In the present work, we have demonstrated an approach for parameterizing three organometallic ligands (FLL, E52, and staurosporine) using MCPB.py. In particular, we report that E52 and FLL have a better shape complimentary and affinity compared to staurosporine identified inhibitor (staurosporine) against Calcium-dependent protein kinases 2 (CDPK2). This study also revealed that a flexible approach (ensemble) outperforms for the given target with dynamic movements. The calculated MMPBSA energies for staurosporine, FLL and E52 were −66.461 ± 2.192, −67.182 ± 1.971 and −91.339 ± 2.745 kcal/mol respectively.

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