scholarly journals Human xylosyltransferase I and N-terminal truncated forms: functional characterization of the core enzyme

2006 ◽  
Vol 394 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Müller ◽  
Jennifer Disse ◽  
Manuela Schöttler ◽  
Sylvia Schön ◽  
Christian Prante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Terminal Region ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
The Impact

Human XT-I (xylosyltransferase I; EC 2.4.2.26) initiates the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan linkage region and is a diagnostic marker of an enhanced proteoglycan biosynthesis. In the present study, we have investigated mutant enzymes of human XT-I and assessed the impact of the N-terminal region on the enzymatic activity. Soluble mutant enzymes of human XT-I with deletions at the N-terminal domain were expressed in insect cells and analysed for catalytic activity. As many as 260 amino acids could be truncated at the N-terminal region of the enzyme without affecting its catalytic activity. However, truncation of 266, 272 and 273 amino acids resulted in a 70, 90 and >98% loss in catalytic activity. Interestingly, deletion of the single 12 amino acid motif G261KEAISALSRAK272 leads to a loss-of-function XT-I mutant. This is in agreement with our findings analysing the importance of the Cys residues where we have shown that C276A mutation resulted in a nearly inactive XT-I enzyme. Moreover, we investigated the location of the heparin-binding site of human XT-I using the truncated mutants. Heparin binding was observed to be slightly altered in mutants lacking 289 or 568 amino acids, but deletion of the potential heparin-binding motif P721KKVFKI727 did not lead to a loss of heparin binding capacity. The effect of heparin or UDP on the XT-I activity of all mutants was not significantly different from that of the wild-type. Our study demonstrates that over 80% of the nucleotide sequence of the XT-I-cDNA is necessary for expressing a recombinant enzyme with full catalytic activity.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization of the Adenylyl Cyclase Genesgs-1by Analysis of a Mutational Spectrum inCaenorhabditis elegans

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine Moorman ◽  
Ronald H A Plasterk
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclases ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping

AbstractThe sgs-1 (suppressor of activated Gαs) gene encodes one of the four adenylyl cyclases in the nematode C. elegans and is most similar to mammalian adenylyl cyclase type IX. We isolated a complete loss-of-function mutation in sgs-1 and found it to result in animals with retarded development that arrest in variable larval stages. sgs-1 mutant animals exhibit lethargic movement and pharyngeal pumping and (while not reaching adulthood) have a mean life span that is >50% extended compared to wild type. An extensive set of reduction-of-function mutations in sgs-1 was isolated in a screen for suppressors of a neuronal degeneration phenotype induced by the expression of a constitutively active version of the heterotrimeric Gαs subunit of C. elegans. Although most of these mutations change conserved residues within the catalytic domains of sgs-1, mutations in the less-conserved transmembrane domains are also found. The sgs-1 reduction-of-function mutants are viable and have reduced locomotion rates, but do not show defects in pharyngeal pumping or life span.

scholarly journals The Okur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome (OCNDS) mutation CK2K198R leads to a rewiring of kinase specificity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Caefer ◽  
Nhat Q Phan ◽  
Jennifer C Liddle ◽  
Jeremy L Balsbaugh ◽  
Joseph P O’Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractOkur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome (OCNDS) is caused by heterozygous mutations to the CSNK2A1 gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of casein kinase II (CK2). The most frequently occurring mutation is lysine 198 to arginine (K198R). To investigate the impact of this mutation, we first generated a high-resolution phosphorylation motif of CK2WT, including the first characterization of specificity for tyrosine phosphorylation activity. A second high resolution motif representing CK2K198R substrate specificity was also generated. Here we report for the first time the impact of the OCNDS associated CK2K198R mutation. Contrary to prior speculation, the mutation does not result in a loss of function, but rather shifts the substrate specificity of the kinase. Broadly speaking the mutation leads to 1) a decreased preference for acidic residues in the +1 position, 2) a decreased preference for threonine phosphorylation, 3) an increased preference for tyrosine phosphorylation, and 4) an alteration of the tyrosine phosphorylation specificity motif. To further investigate the result of this mutation we have developed a probability-based scoring method, allowing us to predict shifts in phosphorylation in the K198R mutant relative to the wild type kinase. As an initial step we have applied the methodology to the set of axonally localized ion channels in an effort to uncover potential alterations of the phosphoproteome associated with the OCNDS disease condition.

Abstract 52: The Role of Kindlin-2 in Integrin Activation Depends on a Short C-Terminal Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamila Hirbawi ◽  
Kamila Bledzka ◽  
Yan Qing Ma ◽  
Jun Qin ◽  
Edward F Plow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Point Mutation ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Terminal Region ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Single Point Mutation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Integrin Activation ◽  
C Terminus

Integrins are heterodimeric cell membrane receptors that regulate cell adhesion, migration, and survival. The kindlins are known to be key regulators of integrin activation, the transition from a low affinity, default state to a high affinity state for ligand. This function depends on their binding, together with talin, to the cytoplasmic tails (CT) of the β subunit of integrins. Kindlins are FERM domain containing proteins, and it is its F3 (PTB) subdomain of the FERM that is the primary binding site for integrin β CT. At its very C-terminus, beyond the F3, is a short extension of 21 amino acids, K2 660-680, and we have focused on the role of this region in the co-activator function of kindlin-2 (K2). For this analysis, we performed PAC-1 (antibody to detect activated αIIbβ3 integrin) binding assays in CHO cells stably expressing integrin α IIb β 3 that were transiently transfected with talin head domain and K2 mutants. Expression levels of all proteins were verified to be similar by western blotting and FACS. Truncation of K2 at residue 660 essentially eliminated the co-activator function of K2. Deletion of smaller segments also reduced co-activator activity by 50% to 100%. Deletion of just the last two amino acids in the sequence, W 679 V 680 , resulted in a 50% reduction in co-activator activity and a single point mutation of Y 673 A also led to a 50% loss of function. A combination mutant consisting of the W 679 V 680 deletion and the Y 673 point mutation resulted in 100% loss of kindlin-2 co-activator activity. Pull-down experiments performed using GST tagged β 3 CT and CHO lysates transfected with GFP-kindlin-2 forms suggested that the C-terminal deletion did not disrupt binding to β 3 CT. This observation was corroborated by surface plasmon resonance studies in which the binding of full-length K2 and K2Δ666C (Δ666) was compared, and their K D values for immobilized β3 CT were found to be essentially the same. Overall, these data establish an important and unanticipated role of the carboxy-terminal region of kindlin-2 in its integrin co-activator function that is not dependent of its binding to integrin.

scholarly journals Characterization of Tissue Tropism Determinants of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 1

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 2768-2774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Hauck ◽  
Weidong Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Transduction Efficiency ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Heparin Binding Domain

ABSTRACT Muscle is an attractive target for gene delivery because of its mass and because vectors can be delivered in a noninvasive fashion. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been shown to be effective for muscle-targeted gene transfer. Recent progress in characterization of AAV serotype 1 (AAV1) and AAV6 demonstrated that these two AAV serotypes are far more efficient in transducing muscle than is the traditionally used AAV2. Since all cis elements are identical in these vectors, the potential determinants for their differences in transducing muscle appear to be located within the AAV capsid proteins. In the present study, a series of AAV capsid mutants were generated to identify the major regions affecting AAV transduction efficiency in muscle. Replacement of amino acids 350 to 736 of AAV2 VP1 with the corresponding amino acids from VP1 of AAV1 resulted in a hybrid vector that behaved very similarly to AAV1 in vitro and in vivo in muscle. Characterization of additional mutants carrying smaller regions of the AAV1 VP1 amino acid sequence in the AAV2 capsid protein suggested that amino acids 350 to 430 of VP1 function as a major tissue tropism determinant. Further analysis showed that the heparin binding domain and the major antigenic determinants in the AAV capsid region were not necessary for the efficiency of AAV1 transduction of muscle.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of the Interaction of Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae with Human Complement Regulators

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 2199-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Schott ◽  
Sonja Grosskinsky ◽  
Christiane Brenner ◽  
Peter Kraiczy ◽  
Reinhard Wallich
Keyword(s):  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Human Complement ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Relapsing Fever ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Complement Regulators

ABSTRACT In North America, tick-borne relapsing fever is caused by the species Borrelia hermsii, B. parkeri, and B. turicatae, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of the respective infected tick vectors. Here we describe the identification and functional characterization of a surface lipoprotein of B. parkeri, designated BpcA, that binds the human complement regulators factor H and factor H-related protein 1 and, simultaneously, the host protease plasminogen. In contrast, the homologous B. turicatae protein failed to bind human factor H and factor H-related protein 1 but retained its plasminogen binding capacity. Factor H bound to BpcA maintains its regulatory capacity to control C3b deposition and C3 convertase activity. Ectopic expression of BpcA in a serum-sensitive B. burgdorferi strain protects transformed cells from complement-mediated killing. Furthermore, bound plasminogen/plasmin endows B. parkeri and B. turicatae with the potential to degrade extracellular matrix components. These findings expand our understanding of the putative recent evolutionary separation of Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae, provide evidence that B. parkeri differs from B. turicatae in its ability to resist complement attack, and may help in understanding the pathological processes underlying tick-borne relapsing fever.

scholarly journals Identification of three critical acidic residues of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase involved in catalysis: determining the PARG catalytic domain

2005 ◽  
Vol 388 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra N. PATEL ◽  
David W. KOH ◽  
Myron K. JACOBSON ◽  
Marcos A. OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Sequence Alignments ◽  
Inhibitor Binding ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Binding Residue ◽  
Acidic Residues ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

PARG [poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase] catalyses the hydrolysis of α(1″→2′) or α(1‴→2″) O-glycosidic linkages of ADP-ribose polymers to produce free ADP-ribose. We investigated possible mechanistic similarities between PARG and glycosidases, which also cleave O-glycosidic linkages. Glycosidases typically utilize two acidic residues for catalysis, thus we targeted acidic residues within a conserved region of bovine PARG that has been shown to contain an inhibitor-binding site. The targeted glutamate and aspartate residues were changed to asparagine in order to minimize structural alterations. Mutants were purified and assayed for catalytic activity, as well as binding, to an immobilized PARG inhibitor to determine ability to recognize substrate. Our investigation revealed residues essential for PARG catalytic activity. Two adjacent glutamic acid residues are found in the conserved sequence Gln755-Glu-Glu757, and a third residue found in the conserved sequence Val737-Asp-Phe-Ala-Asn741. Our functional characterization of PARG residues, along with recent identification of an inhibitor-binding residue Tyr796 and a glycine-rich region Gly745-Gly-Gly747 important for PARG function, allowed us to define a PARG ‘signature sequence’ [vDFA-X3-GGg-X6–8-vQEEIRF-X3-PE-X14-E-X12-YTGYa], which we used to identify putative PARG sequences across a range of organisms. Sequence alignments, along with our mapping of PARG functional residues, suggest the presence of a conserved catalytic domain of approx. 185 residues which spans residues 610–795 in bovine PARG.

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