scholarly journals Changes in bilirubins in human prenatal development

1980 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Blumenthal ◽  
T Stucker ◽  
R D Rasmussen ◽  
R M Ikeda ◽  
B H Ruebner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Unconjugated Bilirubin ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Bile Pigments ◽  
Human Prenatal Development

1. A densitometric method has been developed for the quantification of azodipyrroles derived from dog bile pigments treated with diazotized ethyl anthranilate. 2. This method was used to estimate the bilirubins in bile and meconium from foetuses of 14-36 weeks gestation. 3. The proportion of the bilirubins in foetal bile changed during gestation. (a) No bile pigments were found until 14 weeks. (b) Between 14 and 15 weeks bilirubin-IX beta was the only bile pigment detected. (c) At 16-17 weeks some unconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha was found in the bile, but up to 20 weeks bilirubin-IX beta was the predominant bilirubin in the bile. (d) At about 20 weeks glucose, xylose, and an unidentified bilirubin-IX alpha monoconjugate were found in the bile. (e) Between 20 and 23 weeks bilirubin-IX alpha glucuronide appeared in the bile. (f) At 30 weeks monoconjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha were the predominant bilirubins in the bile. (g) Only in full-term foetuses was bilirubin-IX alpha monoglucuronide the major bilirubin derivative.

Serum and Bile Bilirubin Pigments in the Differential Diagnosis of Crigler-Najjar Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
FIRMINO F. RUBALTELLI ◽  
ANTONELLA NOVELLO ◽  
LUCIA ZANCAN ◽  
MARIA TERESA VILEI ◽  
MAURIZIO MURACA
Keyword(s):  
High Serum ◽  
Unconjugated Bilirubin ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Bile Pigments ◽  
Pigment Composition ◽  
Bilirubin Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alkaline Methanolysis ◽  
Bile Samples

Objective. To differentiate between Crigler-Najjar (CN) disease types 1 and 2. Design. The patterns of serum bilirubins, bile pigment composition, and phenobarbital response were studied. Patients. Three infants, affected by high serum unconjugated bilirubin concentrations, previously classified as type 1 CN. Methods. Serum and bile bilirubin pigment composition, both before and after phenobarbital (PB) treatment, were determined by alkaline methanolysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography. PB was given for at least 3 weeks by oral administration (5 mg/kg bw per day). Results. No diconjugated bilirubin was found either before or after PB treatment in the serum of the three studied infants. In two patients traces of monoconjugated bilirubin were detected before PB therapy, and the ratio of conjugated/total bilirubin (percent) was increased by the PB response. In the third patient, traces of monoconjugated bilirubin appeared only after PB administration. However, the serum unconjugated bilirubin concentration decreased significantly only in the second patient, following the second cycle of PB treatment, leading to the diagnosis of type 2 CN. The analysis of the methyl ester derivatives of bile pigments was also performed on bile samples obtained in two patients by Entero-Test (R) both before and after PB treatment. An absolute increment in monoesterified bilirubin concentration was found after PB administration, although the percent concentration increased in one case and decreased in the other. No diesterified bilirubin was detected in the bile samples. Conclusions. The present results show that in types 1 and 2 CN disease it is possible to detect traces of monconjugated but not diconjugated bilirubin both in serum and in bile. Whereas PB treatment is effective in slightly increasing the serum monoconjugated bilirubin concentration even in type 1 CN disease, the diagnosis of type 1 or 2 is based on finding a substantial decrease of serum unconjugated bilirubin following PB administration.

scholarly journals Non-enzymic hydrolysis of bilirubin mono- and diglucuronide to unconjugated bilirubin in model and native bile systems. Potential role in the formation of gallstones

1987 ◽  
Vol 242 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Spivak ◽  
D DiVenuto ◽  
W Yuey
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Gallstone Formation ◽  
Unconjugated Bilirubin ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Bile Pigments ◽  
Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽  
Pigment Gallstones ◽  
Model Bile ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Pigment gallstones contain considerable amounts of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in the form of calcium bilirubinate and/or bilirubin polymers. Since more than 98% of bile pigments are excreted as conjugates of bilirubin, the source of this UCB needs to be identified. By using a rapid h.p.l.c. method, we compared the non-enzymic hydrolysis of bilirubin monoglucuronide (BMG) and bilirubin diglucuronide (BDG) to UCB in model bile and in native guinea-pig bile. Model biles containing 50 microM solutions of pure BMG and BDG were individually incubated in 25 mM-sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and 0.4 M-imidazole/5 mM-ascorbate buffer (TC-BUF) at 37 degrees C. Over an 8 h period, BMG hydrolysis produced 4-6 times more UCB than BDG hydrolysis. At pH 7.4, 25% of the BMG was converted into UCB, whereas only 4.5% of BDG was converted into UCB. Hydrolysis rates for both BMG and BDG followed the pH order 7.8 greater than 7.6 approximately equal to 7.4 greater than 7.1 Incubation with Ca2+ (6.2 mM) at pH 7.4 in TC-BUF resulted in precipitated bile pigment which, at 100 X magnification, appeared similar to precipitates seen in the bile of patients with pigment gallstones. At pH 7.4, lecithin (crude phosphatidylcholine) (4.2 mM) was a potent inhibitor of hydrolysis of BMG and BDG. The addition of a concentration of cholesterol equimolar with that of lecithin eliminated this inhibitory effect. Guinea-pig gallbladder bile incubated with glucaro-1,4-lactone (an inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase) underwent hydrolysis similar to the model bile systems. The non-enzymic hydrolysis of bile pigments, especially BMG, may be an important mechanism of bile-pigment precipitation and, ultimately, of gallstone formation.

scholarly journals Graphic and movie illustrations of human prenatal development and their application to embryological education based on the human embryo specimens in the Kyoto collection

2006 ◽  
Vol 235 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehito Yamada ◽  
Chigako Uwabe ◽  
Tomoko Nakatsu-Komatsu ◽  
Yutaka Minekura ◽  
Masaji Iwakura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Human Prenatal Development

scholarly journals Epigenetic clocks reveal a rejuvenation event during embryogenesis followed by aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Kerepesi ◽  
Bohan Zhang ◽  
Sang-Goo Lee ◽  
Alexandre Trapp ◽  
Vadim N. Gladyshev
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Ground Zero ◽  
August Weismann ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Epigenetic Age ◽  
Human Prenatal Development ◽  
Changes Over Time

The notion that germline cells do not age goes back to the 19th century ideas of August Weismann. However, being in a metabolically active state, they accumulate damage and other age-related changes over time, i.e., they age. For new life to begin in the same young state, they must be rejuvenated in the offspring. Here, we developed a new multi-tissue epigenetic clock and applied it, together with other aging clocks, to track changes in biological age during mouse and human prenatal development. This analysis revealed a significant decrease in biological age, i.e. rejuvenation, during early stages of embryogenesis, followed by an increase in later stages. We further found that pluripotent stem cells do not age even after extensive passaging and that the examined epigenetic age dynamics is conserved across species. Overall, this study uncovers a natural rejuvenation event during embryogenesis and suggests that the minimal biological age (the ground zero) marks the beginning of organismal aging.

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as a Potential Key Factor for Human Prenatal Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Cizkova ◽  
Aneta Rajdova ◽  
Jiri Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Human Prenatal Development ◽  
Temporal Expression Pattern

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts highly active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) generated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases from arachidonic acid to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. Because of the role of EETs in processes potentially relevant to the development of organisms, EETs could be suggested as potential morphogens. Unfortunately, only little is known about sEH expression during human intrauterine development (IUD). We investigated the spatio-temporal expression pattern of sEH in human embryonic/foetal intestines, liver and kidney from the 6th to the 20th week of IUD by two-step immunohistochemistry. sEH was expressed during the whole tested period of prenatal development and its level of expression remained more or less the same during the estimated period of IUD. Distribution of CYP epoxygenases and sEH in the intestinal epithelium and the nephrogenic zone of the kidney suggests an influence of EETs on cell proliferation and differentiation and, consequently, on the development of intestines and kidney. Thus, alterations in the strict spatio-temporal pattern of expression of CYP epoxygenases and/or sEH during human prenatal development by xenobiotics could have a harmful impact for developing organisms.

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