scholarly journals Comparative study of the glycosphingolipids of chicken bursa of Fabricius and of chicken, rat and human thymus

1978 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Narasimhan ◽  
R K Murray
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Neutral Glycosphingolipids ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Human Thymus ◽  
Forssman Antigen ◽  
Sheep Thymus

1. The glycosphingolipid compositions of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius of young male chickens were compared. The two tissues were found to contain complex mixtures of both neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. Both tissues contained mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-glycosylceramides; the pentaglycosylceramide displayed a reaction of identity with authentic Forssman antigen when tested against a specific anti-(Forssman antigen) serum. The ganglioside G(m3) containing N-acetylneuraminic acid was the principle ganglioside of both tissues. 2. The thymus contained appreciable amounts of the simple ganglioside N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylceramide, a compound not found in the bursa. The ganglioside G(d3) (disialohaematoside) was detected in both tissues. 3. Rat and human thymus, like sheep thymus (Narasimhan, Hay, Greaves & Murray (1976) Biochim, Biophys. Acta 431, 578-591), both contained a tetraglycosylceramide species as their most complex neutral glycosphingolipid and possessed little or no Forssman antigen. They also contained a complex mixture of gangliosides. 4. The possible significance of these results is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 215-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Perfetti ◽  
A Rodgman
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Risk Potential

AbstractTobacco and tobacco smoke are both complex mixtures. We previously reported 8430 unique chemical components identified in these complex mixtures but two years later our updated number was 8889. Addition of unlisted isomers raised these numbers to 8622 and 9081, respectively. Our previous number of 4994 identified tobacco components is now 5229; our previous number of 5315 identified tobacco smoke components is now 5685. An operational definition of a complex mixture is as follows: A complex mixture is a characterizable substance containing many chemical components (perhaps thousands) in inexact proportions.Detailed knowledge of the amount and type of each component within the substance is uncertain even with today's analytical technology. Although it has been estimated that as many as 100000 components are present in these complex mixtures, their analyses indicate that the vast majority of the mass of each of these complex mixtures accounts for the 8430 compounds reported previously. Over 98.7% of the mass of tobacco has been accounted for in terms of identified components in tobacco. Greater than 99% of the mass of whole smoke has been accounted for based on identified chemical components. Certainly, many more tobacco and tobacco smoke components are present in these complex mixtures but the total mass of these components obviously is quite small.One of the significant challenges we face as a scientific community is addressing the problems of determining the risk potential of complex mixtures. Many issues are associated with toxicological testing of the complex mixture of tobacco smoke. Conducting valid experiments and interpreting the results of those experiments can be quite difficult. Not only is the test agent a complex mixture but also the tests are performed on species that have complicated life-processes. Interpretations of test results are often paradoxical. Significant progress has been made in the toxicological evaluations of complex mixtures in the last 80 years. The challenges we face in terms of testing the biological properties of tobacco smoke are substantial. The statement by DIPPLE et al. in their summary of the research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the 1930s through 1980 is equally true today for the cigarette smoke situation:…many important questions remain unanswered…many questions persist despite the considerable progress that has been made.

Resolving Sample Traces in Complex Mixtures with Microarray Analyses

2011 ◽  
pp. 108-155
Author(s):  
George I. Lambrou ◽  
Eleftheria Koultouki ◽  
Maria Adamaki ◽  
Maria Moschovi
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Microarray Technology ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Microarray Analyses

This chapter reviews the microarray technology and deal with the majority of aspects regarding microarrays. It focuses on today’s knowledge of separation techniques and methodologies of complex signal, i.e. samples. Overall, the chapter reviews the current knowledge on the topic of microarrays and presents the analyses and techniques used, which facilitate such approaches. It starts with the theoretical framework on microarray technology; second, the chapter gives a brief review on statistical methods used for microarray analyses, and finally, it contains a detailed review of the methods used for discriminating traces of nucleic acids within a complex mixture of samples.

scholarly journals SmartCodes: functionalized barcodes that enable targeted retrieval of clonal lineages from a heterogeneous population

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Rebbeck ◽  
Florian Raths ◽  
Bassem Ben Cheik ◽  
Kenneth Gouin ◽  
Gregory J. Hannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Tumour Heterogeneity ◽  
Selectable Markers ◽  
Molecular Barcoding ◽  
Molecular Barcode

AbstractMolecular barcoding has provided means to link genotype to phenotype, to individuate cells in single-cell analyses, to enable the tracking of evolving lineages, and to facilitate the analysis of complex mixtures containing phenotypically distinct lineages. To date, all existing approaches enable retrospective associations to be made between characteristics and the lineage harbouring them, but provide no path toward isolating or manipulating those lineages within the complex mixture. Here, we describe a strategy for creating functionalized barcodes that enable straightforward manipulation of lineages within complex populations of cells, either marking and retrieval of selected lineages, or modification of their phenotype within the population, including their elimination. These “SmartCodes” rely on a simple CRISPR-based, molecular barcode reader that can switch measurable, or selectable markers, on or off in a binary fashion. While this approach could have broad impact, we envision initial approaches to the study of tumour heterogeneity, focused on issues of tumour progression, metastasis, and drug resistance.

Assessment of QCM array schemes for mixture identification: citrus scented odors

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (98) ◽  
pp. 95378-95386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Speller ◽  
Noureen Siraj ◽  
Stephanie Vaughan ◽  
Lauren N. Speller ◽  
Isiah M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Mixture Analysis ◽  
Complex Mixture Analysis

A comparative study of QCM based MSAs, VSAs, and V-MSAs for complex mixture analysis.

scholarly journals Synergistic Endo- and Exo-Interactions Between Blueberry Phenolic Compounds, Grape Variety Fractions, Chocolate Covered Strawberries, and Fruit Smoothies

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb T. Epps ◽  
Benjamin P. Stenquist ◽  
Kevin T. Lowder ◽  
Bryan C. Blacker ◽  
Richard M. Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Potential Synergy ◽  
Grape Varieties

<p>The presence of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables is considered to be of nutritional importance in the prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Through overlapping or complementary effects, the complex mixture of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables provides a better protective effect on health than single phytochemicals. Previous studies have shown that synergistic interactions between antioxidants in food result in a higher antioxidant capacity than individually isolated antioxidants. Further work is needed to explore other potential synergistic interactions between antioxidant mixtures within foods (endo-interactions) and between foods (exo-interactions) commonly eaten together. A series of studies examined potential synergy between various components of blueberries, grapes, chocolate covered strawberries, and fruit smoothies using multiple antioxidant assays (ORAC, TEAC and DPPH). At the ratio found in blueberries, significant synergy, antagonism, and patterns were found for many phenolic compound combinations, though they were dependent on the assay. Significant synergy was found in the combinations of skin and juice as well as skin, juice, and seed across three grape varieties. Significant synergy was found in the combination of strawberry and 88% cocoa chocolate in fully dipped strawberries. Fruit smoothies made with blueberries (as opposed to strawberries and raspberries) and soymilk (as opposed to water) exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity. The 3 assays measured correlated weakly with each other. This work furthers our understanding of the potential value of complex mixtures and foods in the human diet and is the first to report on the combinations and fractions described.</p>

scholarly journals The Armenian Epic “Daredevils of Sassoun” and the Mahābhārata: Similarity of the Ethnographic Substratum

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Y. V. Vassilkov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Young Male ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Considerable Similarity ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Recurrent Motifs

The author summarizes the results of his search for parallels between the Armenian epic “Sasna cṙer” (“Daredevils of Sassoun”) and the Mahābhārata. The comparative study has revealed considerable similarity in the “ethnographic substratum” of both epics, particularly that relating to the archaic social organization mirrored by the epic. The earliest layer of both the Armenian and the Indian epics retains the memory of a rural, largely pastoral society, in which an important role was played by the fraternities of young warriors. In the Armenian epic, this is indicated by recurrent motifs such as the young heroes’ rampage followed by exile, the foundation of their own outpost in the backwoods, young male warriors’ fraternities, their defense of herds, warding off enemy attacks, battle frenzy (a common characteristic of all the Sasun heroes), their immutable tutor and leader (“uncle”) Keri Toros, allusions to orgiastic feasts, premarital freedom enjoyed by boys and girls, etc. In Armenians, these motifs were supported by the existence until the recent times of age sets, described by ethnographers. The comparative study of the Armenian epic reveals its hitherto unnoticed socio-historical aspects. Its wider use for studying other epic traditions (not only Indo-European but also those of other peoples inhabiting the Caucasus and the Eurasian steppes) will contribute to the comparative epic studies.

Resolving Sample Traces in Complex Mixtures with Microarray Analyses

2013 ◽  
pp. 1025-1071
Author(s):  
George I. Lambrou ◽  
Eleftheria Koultouki ◽  
Maria Adamaki ◽  
Maria Moschovi
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Microarray Technology ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Microarray Analyses

This chapter reviews the microarray technology and deal with the majority of aspects regarding microarrays. It focuses on today’s knowledge of separation techniques and methodologies of complex signal, i.e. samples. Overall, the chapter reviews the current knowledge on the topic of microarrays and presents the analyses and techniques used, which facilitate such approaches. It starts with the theoretical framework on microarray technology; second, the chapter gives a brief review on statistical methods used for microarray analyses, and finally, it contains a detailed review of the methods used for discriminating traces of nucleic acids within a complex mixture of samples.

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