scholarly journals Effects of ketone bodies on amino acid metabolism in isolated rat diaphragm

1976 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Palaiologos ◽  
P Felig
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Tissue Content ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Glutamine Production

1. Diaphragms from 48h-starved rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium at 37degreesC for 30min and then transferred into new medium and incubated for 1, 2 and 3 h. 2. The amount of free amino acids found at the end of each time of incubation was larger than the amount at the beginning of incubation, indicating that in this system proteolysis is prevailing. 3. The diaphragms was releasing mainly alanine and glutamine into the incubation medium. 4. Within the periods of incubation the release and metabolism of free amino acids was proceeding at a constant rate. 5. Addition of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased the tissue content of several amino acids, among which were tyrosine and phenylalanine, suggesting that proteolysis was decreased by ketone bodies. 6. In the presence of glucose (10mM) and branched-chain amino acids (0.5mM), sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate at concentrations of 4 or 6 mM resulted in 30% decrease in tissue alanine content and a 20% decline in alanine release. Release of taurine and glutamine was decreased by 19 and 16% respectively with 6 mM-sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. Addition of sodium acetoacetate (1-3mM) also resulted in a 20-35% decrease in tissue content of alanine, glutamine and taurine and in a 15-24% decrease of alanine and glutamine release. Smaller decreases (less than 15%) in the release of glycine, threonine, proline, serine and aspartate were also observed in the presence of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate or sodium acetoacetate. 7. Substitution of pyruvate (1.0mM) for glucose in the presence of acetoacetate restored alanine and glutamine production to control values. In the presence of acetoacetate, pyruvate also increased the tissue content of aspartate by 77% and decreased the tissue content of glutamate by 30%. 8. It is suggested that in diaphragms from starved rats, ketone bodies (a) in the absence of other substrates inhibit protein catabolism and (b) in the presence of glucose and branched-chain amino acids decrease alanine and glutamine production, by inhibiting glycolysis.

scholarly journals Effects of amino acid preparations on the amino acid composition of the liver of rats under subchronic alcohol intoxication

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345
Author(s):  
Yu. E. Razvodovsky ◽  
V. Yu. Smirnov ◽  
I. N. Semenenya
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Branched Chain

The effects of complex compositions, containing branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), taurine and tryptophan, on the pool of free amino acids in the liver of rats were studied under the conditions of subchronic alcohol intoxication (SHAI). It was established that SHAI led to the decreased levels of treonine, lysine, oxyproline, arginine, b-alanine, as well as the depletion of the pool of irreplaceable amino acids in the liver of rats. Administration of the composition of BCAA and taurine was found to normalize the ratio of replaceable irreplaceable amino acids, the ratio of glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids, to activate the reaction of nitrogen utilization, and to increase Fisher’s index. The effects of the composition, containing BCAA, taurine and tryptophan, were similar to those of amino acid composition that did not contain tryptophan.

scholarly journals Pool of free amino acids in the blood plasma of rats undergoing subtotal cerebral ischemia after L-name administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. E. Razvodovsky ◽  
V. Y. Smirnov ◽  
N. Ye. Maksimovich ◽  
I. N. Semenenya
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development

A stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity, disability and mortality in many countries. Mechanisms of development of ischemic stroke are complex and have not been fully established. The aim of this study was to estimate the changes in the pool of free amino acids and their derivatives in the plasma of rats undergoing subtotal cerebral ischemia (SCI) and treated with L-NAME. Experiment was made on 18 rats: 12 animals were undergoing bilateral flament occlusion of arteries carotid, 6 of them were treated with L-NAME. The analyses of free amino acids levels in the blood plasma extracts were carried out by reversedphase HPLC. Concentrations of several amino acids were elevated after 1 hour of ischemia, including aspartate, asparagine, glutamine, glycin, alanine, taurine, phenylalanine, gistidine, 3-methilgistidine, treonine, citrulline, ornitine, as well as branched-chain amino acids. Administration of L-NAME partially prevented the imbalance of the amino acids pool caused by SCI. Preventive injection of L-NAME alleviated the imbalance in the pool of free amino acids of blood plasma caused by SCI.

scholarly journals Free Amino Acids Profile and Expression Analysis of Core Genes Involved in Branched-Chain Amino Acids Metabolism during Fruit Development of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Cultivars with Different Aroma Types

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Wenshun Hu ◽  
Baiyu Wang ◽  
Muhammad Moaaz Ali ◽  
Xiuping Chen ◽  
Jisen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Malate Synthase ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Amino Acids Profile

Amino acids are important component of fruit nutrition and quality. In this study, three longan cultivars, including non-aroma types ‘Shixia’ (SX), ‘Lidongben’ (LDB), and strong aroma type ‘Xiangcui’ (XC), were selected to analyze free amino acids (FAAs) variations at six distinct growth stages (S1–S6). The genome-wide identification and expression analysis of genes related to the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) synthesis pathway were carried out. Results showed that 36 FAAs were identified, and the total FAAs content ranged from 2601.0 to 9073.5 mg/kg, which increased drastically with fruit development until ripening. L-glutamic acid (Glu), L-alanine (Ala), L-arginine (Arg), γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), L-aspartic acid (Asp), L-leucine (Leu), hydroxyl-proline (Hypro), and L-serine (Ser) were the predominant FAAs (1619.9–7213.9 mg/kg) in pulp, accounting for 62.28–92.05% of the total amino acids. During the period of rapid fruit expansion (S2–S4), the aroma of XC changed from light to strong, and the contents of L-alanine (Ala) and L-leucine (Leu) were significantly higher than those of SX and LDB. Furthermore, a total of two 2-isopropyl malate synthase (IPMS), two 3-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase (IPMD), and 16 BCAA transferase (BCAT) genes were identified. The expression levels of DilBCAT1, -6, and -9 genes in XC were significantly higher than those in SX and LDB, while DilBCAT16 in XC was lower. The content of Leu was negatively correlated with the expression of DilBCAT1, -6, and -9 in three varieties, but positively correlated with DilBCAT16, indicating that these four genes may be responsible for the different synthesis and degradation of Leu among cultivars.

Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsong Gu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Qing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship

Branched chain amino acids are the essential nutrients for humans and many animals. As functional amino acids, they play important roles in physiological functions, including immune functions. Isoleucine, as one of the branched chain amino acids, is also critical in physiological functions of the whole body, such as growth, immunity, protein metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and glucose transportation. Isoleucine can improve the immune system, including immune organs, cells and reactive substances. Recent studies have also shown that isoleucine may induce the expression of host defense peptides (i.e., β-defensins) that can regulate host innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, isoleucine administration can restore the effect of some pathogens on the health of humans and animals via increasing the expression of β-defensins. Therefore, the present review will emphatically discuss the effect of isoleucine on immunity while summarizing the relationship between branched chain amino acids and immune functions.

Biochemische Aspekte des Aminosäuren-Stoffwechsels bei Psoriasis vulgaris / Biochemical Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism in Psoriasis vulgaris

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Peter ◽  
H. Angst ◽  
U. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pathological Process

Free and protein-bound amino acids in serum and scales were investigated. In serum the bound amino acids of psoriatics are significantly higher with exception of Pro, Met, Tyr and Phe in contrast to normal subjects. For free amino acids the differences between normal subjects and psoriatics found in serum and scales are not significant. Results are discussed in relation to the single amino acids and the biochemical correlations are outlined which takes the pathological process as a basis.

Production and utilization of amino acids by ovine placenta in vivo

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. E13-E22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misoo Chung ◽  
Cecilia Teng ◽  
Michelle Timmerman ◽  
Giacomo Meschia ◽  
Frederick C. Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Ovine Placenta ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Glutamine Production

Uterine and umbilical uptakes of plasma amino acids were measured simultaneously in eighteen singleton pregnant ewes at 130 ± 1 days gestation for the purpose of establishing which amino acids are produced or used by the uteroplacenta under normal physiological conditions and at what rates. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) had uterine uptakes significantly greater than umbilical uptakes. Net uteroplacental BCAA utilization was 8.0 ± 2.5 μmol ⋅ kg fetus−1 ⋅ min−1( P < 0.005) and represented 42% of the total BCAA utilization by fetus plus uteroplacenta. There was placental uptake of fetal glutamate (4.2 ± 0.3 μmol ⋅ kg fetus−1 ⋅ min−1, P < 0.001) and no uterine uptake of maternal glutamate. Umbilical uptake of glutamine was ∼61% greater than uterine uptake, thus demonstrating net uteroplacental glutamine production of 2.2 ± 0.9 μmol ⋅ kg fetus−1 ⋅ min−1( P < 0.021). In conjunction with other evidence, these data indicate rapid placental metabolism of glutamate, which is in part supplied by the fetus and in part produced locally via BCAA transamination. Most of the glutamate is oxidized, and some is used to synthesize glutamine, which is delivered to the fetus. There was net uteroplacental utilization of maternal serine and umbilical uptake of glycine produced by the placenta. Maternal serine utilization and glycine umbilical uptake were virtually equal (3.14 ± 0.50 vs. 3.10 ± 0.46 μmol ⋅ kg fetus−1 ⋅ min−1). This evidence supports the conclusion that the ovine placenta converts large quantities of maternal serine into fetal glycine.

scholarly journals Metabolic consequences of methylenecyclopropylglycine poisoning in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Melde ◽  
S Jackson ◽  
K Bartlett ◽  
H S A Sherratt ◽  
S Ghisla
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Branched Chain

We describe the effects of methylenecyclopropylglycine in fasted rats. A 75% decrease in the blood glucose concentration and an increase of lactate and pyruvate were observed 6 h after administration of 100 mg of this amino acid/kg. By contrast with the effects reported for hypoglycin [Williamson & Wilson (1965) Biochem. J. 94, 19c-21c], the plasma concentrations of ketone bodies decreased after administration of methylenecyclopropylglycine and the concentrations of branched-chain amino acids in the plasma were increased 6-fold. The oxidation of decanoylcarnitine or of palmitate was nearly completely inhibited in rat liver mitochondria from methylenecyclopropylglycine-poisoned rats. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA and of 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase were decreased to 25% and less than 10% of the controls. There was a pronounced aciduria, due to the excretion of dicarboxylic acids and of oxidation products of branched-chain amino acids. The accumulation of the toxic metabolite methylenecyclopropylformyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix was detected after administration of methylenecyclopropylglycine. Similarly we confirmed experimentally that methylenecyclopropylacetyl-CoA accumulates in mitochondria incubated with methylenecyclopropylpyruvate.

Amino acid metabolism in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat: effects of insulin resistance and of type 2 diabetes

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 506-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enoka P Wijekoon ◽  
Craig Skinner ◽  
Margaret E Brosnan ◽  
John T Brosnan
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Branched Chain

We investigated amino acid metabolism in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF Gmi fa/fa) rat during the prediabetic insulin-resistant stage and the frank type 2 diabetic stage. Amino acids were measured in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle, and the ratios of plasma/liver and plasma/skeletal muscle were calculated. At the insulin-resistant stage, the plasma concentrations of the gluconeogenic amino acids aspartate, serine, glutamine, glycine, and histidine were decreased in the ZDF Gmi fa/fa rats, whereas taurine, α-aminoadipic acid, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and the 3 branched-chain amino acids were significantly increased. At the diabetic stage, a larger number of gluconeogenic amino acids had decreased plasma concentrations. The 3 branched-chain amino acids had elevated plasma concentrations. In the liver and the skeletal muscles, concentrations of many of the gluconeogenic amino acids were lower at both stages, whereas the levels of 1 or all of the branched-chain amino acids were elevated. These changes in amino acid concentrations are similar to changes seen in type 1 diabetes. It is evident that insulin resistance alone is capable of bringing about many of the changes in amino acid metabolism observed in type 2 diabetes.Key words: plasma amino acids, liver amino acids, muscle amino acids, gluconeogenesis.

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