scholarly journals Simulation of biogenic amine metabolism in the brain

1974 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Turner ◽  
J A Illingworth ◽  
K F Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Simulated Model ◽  
Amine Concentration ◽  
Amine Metabolism ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The metabolism of a number of biogenic amines has been simulated by using data obtained from studies of the individual enzymes from pig brain. It is shown that β-hydroxylated amines such as noradrenaline and octopamine are metabolized primarily to the alcoholic metabolite whereas amines lacking this group [e.g. dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) and 5-hydroxytryptamine] are metabolized at low concentrations to give the corresponding acid. Increase in the amine concentration results in an increase in the proportion of the alcoholic metabolite formed and this may in part account for the effects of the drug reserpine on amine metabolism. The effects of disulfiram (Antabuse) and ethanol (acting through its metabolite acetaldehyde) on amine metabolism may be understood in terms of this simulated model. It is shown that drugs that affect this system also cause alterations in the steady-state concentrations of the intermediate aldehydes and the possible implications of this are discussed.

Detection of Biogenic Amine Producer Bacteria in a Typical Italian Goat Cheese

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
SILVIA BONETTA ◽  
SARA BONETTA ◽  
ELISABETTA CARRARO ◽  
JEAN DANIEL COÏSSON ◽  
FABIANO TRAVAGLIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Goat Cheese ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Amine Content ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Almost All

The aim of this study was to research decarboxylating bacterial strains and biogenic amine content in a typical Italian goat cheese (Robiola di Roccaverano). The study was performed on fresh and ripened samples of goat cheese manufactured from industrial and artisanal producers. Sixty-seven bacterial strains isolated showed decarboxylating activity, and Enterococcus faecalis was the most widespread decarboxylating species in all artisanal and industrial products. Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus malodoratus were also identified as biogenic amine producers in Robiola di Roccaverano cheese. All the E. faecalis strains isolated in this study were able to decarboxylate tyrosine. Tyramine was the most abundant biogenic amine in cheese samples, while histamine was the most widespread. High amounts of these two biogenic amines were found in ripened samples (up to 2,067 mg/kg for tyramine and 1,786 mg/kg for histamine), whereas 2-phenylethylamine and tryptamine were present in almost all ripened cheeses at low concentrations. The detection of strains producing biogenic amines and the high concentrations of tyramine and histamine found in ripened Robiola di Roccaverano could represent a potential risk to the consumer.

scholarly journals Biogenic-amine acetylation: an additional function of the N-acetyltransferase from Fasciola hepatica

1993 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
S O Aisien ◽  
R D Walter
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Additional Function ◽  
Amine Metabolism ◽  
Optimum Ph

The previously described polyamine N-acetyltransferase from Fasciola hepatica has been observed to have an additional function, the acetylation of biogenic amines. The activities for biogenic amines, diamines and polyamines were in a constant ratio throughout the purification process. Biogenic amines found to be substrates for the enzyme included tyramine, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine and histamine, with Km values of 0.12 mM, 0.26 mM, 0.30 mM and 0.76 mM respectively. Octopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and alpha-phenylethylamine were also acceptable as substrates, though to a lesser degree. The optimum pH for biogenic-amine acetylation was 7.5, and CoA was inhibitory to the process, with a Ki of 5.5 microM. N-Acetylation appears to play a major role in the amine metabolism of this trematode. We presume that acetylation represents the process by which the parasite inactivates excess amines.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Fit Vs Faint: Assessing Work Causation in “Idiopathic Fall” Cases

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Lorne Direnfeld ◽  
David B. Torrey ◽  
Jim Black ◽  
LuAnn Haley ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Medical Causation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Current Science

Abstract When an individual falls due to a nonwork-related episode of dizziness, hits their head and sustains injury, do workers’ compensation laws consider such injuries to be compensable? Bearing in mind that each state makes its own laws, the answer depends on what caused the loss of consciousness, and the second asks specifically what happened in the fall that caused the injury? The first question speaks to medical causation, which applies scientific analysis to determine the cause of the problem. The second question addresses legal causation: Under what factual circumstances are injuries of this type potentially covered under the law? Much nuance attends this analysis. The authors discuss idiopathic falls, which in this context means “unique to the individual” as opposed to “of unknown cause,” which is the familiar medical terminology. The article presents three detailed case studies that describe falls that had their genesis in episodes of loss of consciousness, followed by analyses by lawyer or judge authors who address the issue of compensability, including three scenarios from Arizona, California, and Pennsylvania. A medical (scientific) analysis must be thorough and must determine the facts regarding the fall and what occurred: Was the fall due to a fit (eg, a seizure with loss of consciousness attributable to anormal brain electrical activity) or a faint (eg, loss of consciousness attributable to a decrease in blood flow to the brain? The evaluator should be able to fully explain the basis for the conclusions, including references to current science.

Calculation of Predictive Odds for Possible Carriers of Haemophilia

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 740-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. M Prentice ◽  
C. D Forbes ◽  
Sandra Morrice ◽  
A. D McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Factor Viii Related Antigen ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Betting Odds

SummaryBetting odds for possible carriers of haemophilia have been calculated using data derived from normal and known carrier populations. For each possible carrier the concentration of factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII biological activity was measured and used to determine the probability of the individual being a carrier. The calculations indicated that, of the 32 possible carriers, 11 were likely to be normal (odds of more than 5:1) while 11 were likely to be haemophilia carriers (again odds of more than 5:1).

Individual Uniqueness in the Neonatal Functional Connectome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiushi Wang ◽  
Yuehua Xu ◽  
Tengda Zhao ◽  
Zhilei Xu ◽  
Yong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Functional Connectome ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Identification Analysis ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The functional connectome is highly distinctive in adults and adolescents, underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unknown whether the individual uniqueness of the functional connectome is present in neonates, who are far from mature. Here, we utilized the multiband resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 40 healthy neonates from the Developing Human Connectome Project and a split-half analysis approach to characterize the uniqueness of the functional connectome in the neonatal brain. Through functional connectome-based individual identification analysis, we found that all the neonates were correctly identified, with the most discriminative regions predominantly confined to the higher-order cortices (e.g., prefrontal and parietal regions). The connectivities with the highest contributions to individual uniqueness were primarily located between different functional systems, and the short- (0–30 mm) and middle-range (30–60 mm) connectivities were more distinctive than the long-range (>60 mm) connectivities. Interestingly, we found that functional data with a scanning length longer than 3.5 min were able to capture the individual uniqueness in the functional connectome. Our results highlight that individual uniqueness is present in the functional connectome of neonates and provide insights into the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior later in life.

scholarly journals Modules or Mean-Fields?

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr ◽  
Noor Sajid ◽  
Karl J. Friston
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Message Passing ◽  
Mean Field Theory ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
State Density ◽  
Stochastic Dynamical Systems ◽  
Conditional Independency ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Non Equilibrium

The segregation of neural processing into distinct streams has been interpreted by some as evidence in favour of a modular view of brain function. This implies a set of specialised ‘modules’, each of which performs a specific kind of computation in isolation of other brain systems, before sharing the result of this operation with other modules. In light of a modern understanding of stochastic non-equilibrium systems, like the brain, a simpler and more parsimonious explanation presents itself. Formulating the evolution of a non-equilibrium steady state system in terms of its density dynamics reveals that such systems appear on average to perform a gradient ascent on their steady state density. If this steady state implies a sufficiently sparse conditional independency structure, this endorses a mean-field dynamical formulation. This decomposes the density over all states in a system into the product of marginal probabilities for those states. This factorisation lends the system a modular appearance, in the sense that we can interpret the dynamics of each factor independently. However, the argument here is that it is factorisation, as opposed to modularisation, that gives rise to the functional anatomy of the brain or, indeed, any sentient system. In the following, we briefly overview mean-field theory and its applications to stochastic dynamical systems. We then unpack the consequences of this factorisation through simple numerical simulations and highlight the implications for neuronal message passing and the computational architecture of sentience.

Antiapoptotic activity maintenance of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the C fragment of the tetanus toxin genetic fusion protein

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Ciriza ◽  
Marcos García-Ojeda ◽  
Inmaculada Martín-Burriel ◽  
Cendra Agulhon ◽  
Francisco Miana-Mena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Neuro2a Cells ◽  
Genetic Fusion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

AbstractNeurotrophic factors have been widely suggested as a treatment for multiple diseases including motorneuron pathologies, like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. However, clinical trials in which growth factors have been systematically administered to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients have not been effective, owing in part to the short half-life of these factors and their low concentrations at target sites. A possible strategy is the use of the atoxic C fragment of the tetanus toxin as a neurotrophic factor carrier to the motorneurons. The activity of trophic factors should be tested because their genetic fusion to proteins could alter their folding and conformation, thus undermining their neuroprotective properties. For this purpose, in this paper we explored the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) activity maintenance after genetic fusion with the C fragment of the tetanus toxin. We demonstrated that BDNF fused with the C fragment of the tetanus toxin induces the neuronal survival Akt kinase pathway in mouse cortical culture neurons and maintains its antiapoptotic neuronal activity in Neuro2A cells.

The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Laughlin ◽  
D. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Capsule Wall ◽  
Surface Cover ◽  
Morphine Concentration ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYAbnormally low concentrations of morphine in capsules of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in the 1970–1 season were associated with heavy fungal colonization. The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of capsules was later studied in a series of field, glasshouse and in vitroexperiments.In a field experiment morphine concentration of severely colonized (> 30% surface cover) intact capsules was 20% less (P <0·01) than slightly colonized (< 10% surface cover) capsules. Colonization of these field-grown capsules was generally localized in the top half and the morphine concentration of the top half was about 20% less than the bottom half for all colonization categories. In contrast, glasshouse-grown capsules were free of fungal colonization and the top and bottom halves had similar morphine concentrations.In a field experiment studying the effect of fungicides, 2 kg benomyl (50% a.i.) + 2 kg mancozeb (80% a.i.)/ha were applied as a spray at 10-day intervals from flowering till 1 month after commercial harvest and plants were harvested at weekly intervals from 10 days after full bloom. The mean dry-matter yield of sprayed capsules was 11% greater (P <0·01) than non-sprayed with a similar trend for morphine concentration and morphine yield. In addition, the sprayed treatment significantly reduced the area covered by sporulating lesions on the surface of the capsule after dry maturity. This superficial fungal cover had a NNE orientation in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules.In an in vitroexperiment using capsules from the field fungicide study, fungi were isolated from the interior of green capsule wall tissue as early as 17 days after flowering. Colonization increased with successive harvests and culturing of fungi from the interior of capsule wall tissue showed the presence of fungi in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules with no difference in the degree of colonization.Two of the major fungi isolated from the field experiment were identified as Dendryphion penidllatum (Corda) Fr. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and the individual effect of these was assessed in an in vitro experiment using ground capsule material. D. penidllatuvi and A. alternata reduced the morphine concentration of ground capsules in 24 days to 7 and 11% respectively of non-inoculated controls.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document