scholarly journals The distribution of molecular species of phosphatidylinositol in ox brain and its subcellular fractions

1972 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Luthra ◽  
A. Sheltawy
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Subcellular Fractions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Molecular Species Composition ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Post Mitochondrial Supernatant

1. The phosphatidylinositol content of white and grey matter of ox cerebral hemispheres did not differ. The phosphatidylinositol from grey matter was slightly enriched in palmitic acid and arachidonic acid, and that from white matter was enriched in eicosatrienoic (C20:3) acid. These regional differences were apparently due to the greater content of myelin in the white matter, since the same tendencies were observed when combined myelinic and non-myelinic subcellular fractions prepared from the cerebral hemispheres were compared. 2. Purified phosphatidylinositol was converted into its triacetylated methylated derivative and resolved to its molecular species by t.l.c. on AgNO3-impregnated silica gel. The tetraenoic molecular species was predominant in phosphatidylinositol from ox cerebral hemispheres, and this feature characterized all the phosphatidylinositol samples extracted from its regions or subcellular fractions. The grey matter was more enriched in the tetraenoic species and the white matter in the trienoic species. 3. The molecular-species composition of phosphatidylinositol from the subcellular fractions of ox cerebral hemispheres was studied. The trienoic species constituted nearly one-fifth of the phosphatidylinositol from two myelinic fractions. ‘Large myelin’ was more enriched in this species than was ‘small myelin’. Both fractions also contained greater concentrations of the dienoic species than the non-myelinic subcellular fractions. The latter fractions, one containing nuclei and the other nerve endings plus mitochondria, were enriched in the monoenoic and tetraenoic species of phosphatidylinositol. The post-mitochondrial supernatant exhibited a pattern of distribution of phosphatidylinositol species intermediate between the myelinic and non-myelinic fractions.

The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Side of Nervous Activity. (Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1901.) Halliburton, W.D

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
W. H. B. Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Solids

The first lecture dealt with the general composition of nervous structures. Grey matter contains 80—90 per cent. of water, and 50 per cent. of the total solids are proteid. In white matter there is less water and less proteid, and in peripheral nerves is least water and least proteid. The most abundant proteid is a nucleo-proteid containing ·5 per cent. of phosphorus, but there is little of this in the white matter. The other two proteids are globulins, one of which coagulates at 47° C.

scholarly journals Morphometry and Development: Changes in Brain Structure from Birth to Adult Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian K. Tamnes ◽  
Ylva Østby
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Brain Morphometry ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Clinical Conditions

This chapter gives an overview of the field of brain morphometry and development from birth to adult age, including selected methodological considerations and fields of application. Brain development is an area of research where morphometry studies have greatly increased our knowledge, revealing organized patterns where regional differences in cortical, subcortical and white matter structural maturation play a role for cognitive development. Studies show that early rapid increases in grey matter structures are generally followed by decreases, whereas white matter continues to increase throughout childhood and adolescence. The chapter also highlights the importance of developmental perspectives in structural neuroimaging studies for our understanding of clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy.

Real Brains and Model Brains

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Penrose ◽  
Martin Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
The World ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain

Inside our heads is a magnificent structure that controls our actions and somehow evokes an awareness of the world around. Yet, as Alan Turing once put it, it resembles nothing so much as a bowl of cold porridge! It is hard to see how an object of such unpromising appearance can achieve the miracles that we know it to be capable of. Closer examination, however, begins to reveal the brain as having a much more intricate structure and sophisticated organization. The large convoluted (and most porridge-like) portion on top is referred to as the cerebrum. It is divided cleanly down the middle into left and right cerebral hemispheres, and considerably less cleanly front and back into the frontal lobe and three other lobes: the parietal, temporal and occipital. Further down, and at the back lies a rather smaller, somewhat spherical portion of the brain - perhaps resembling two balls of wool - the cerebellum. Deep inside, and somewhat hidden under the cerebrum, lie a number of curious and complicated-looking different structures: the pons and medulla (including the reticular formation, a region that will concern us later) which constitute the brain-stem, the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and many other strange and oddly named constructions. The part that human beings feel that they should be proudest of is the cerebrum - for that is not only the largest part of the human brain, but it is also larger, in its proportion of the brain as a whole, in man than in other animals. (The cerebellum is also larger in man than in most other animals.) The cerebrum and cerebellum have comparatively thin outer surface layers of grey matter and larger inner regions of white matter. These regions of grey matter are referred to as, respectively, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex. The grey matter is where various kinds of computational task appear to be performed, while the white matter consists of long nerve fibres carrying signals from one part of the brain to another. Various parts of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions.

Molecular species of phospholipid in rats in primary and transplanted fibrosarcomas induced by soybean oil containing tocopherol acetate

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Ishinaga ◽  
Masanori Tanimoto ◽  
Sumi Sugiyama ◽  
Rika Kumamoto ◽  
Kenjirou Yokoro
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transplanted Tumors ◽  
Molecular Species Composition ◽  
Tocopherol Acetate

When soybean oil containing tocopherol acetate was given to rats once a week subcutaneously for 10–12 months, it caused the development of fibrosarcomas at the injection site in 11 of 15 rats. A tumor produced in this manner proved eminently transplantable into other rats. The molecular species of phospholipid subclasses were determined in primary and transplanted tumors. The molecular species composition of the phospholipid subclasses in both types of tumors were similar. The percentages of diacyl and alkylacyl glycerophosphocholine (GPC) were 90–93 and 6–8% of total phosphatidylcholine, respectively. The percentages of diacyl and alkenylacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) were 51 and 45%, respectively, of total phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Diacyl and alkylacyl GPC species containing arachidonic acid (20:4) composed about 15–16 and 37–40% of each subclass, respectively. Diacyl and alkenylacyl GPE species containing 20:4 composed about 38–40 and 56–60% of each subclass, respectively. Disaturated species of diacyl and alkylacyl GPC composed about 22–24 and 13% of each subclass, respectively, whereas these species of PE composed less than 2%. The fatty acid composition of the other tumor phospholipids was analyzed.Key words: phospholipids, molecular species, fibrosarcomas, tocopherol, soybean oil.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to capillary plugging can predict brain region specific vessel loss with aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2475-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Schager ◽  
Craig E Brown
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Anterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Vessel Width

Vessel loss in the aging brain is commonly reported, yet important questions remain concerning whether there are regional vulnerabilities and what mechanisms could account for these regional differences, if they exist. Here we imaged and quantified vessel length, tortuosity and width in 15 brain regions in young adult and aged mice. Our data indicate that vessel loss was most pronounced in white matter followed by cortical, then subcortical grey matter regions, while some regions (visual cortex, amygdala, thalamus) showed no decline with aging. Regions supplied by the anterior cerebral artery were more vulnerable to loss than those supplied by middle or posterior cerebral arteries. Vessel width and tortuosity generally increased with age but neither reliably predicted regional vessel loss. Since capillaries are naturally prone to plugging and prolonged obstructions often lead to vessel pruning, we hypothesized that regional susceptibilities to plugging could help predict vessel loss. By mapping the distribution of microsphere-induced capillary obstructions, we discovered that regions with a higher density of persistent obstructions were more likely to show vessel loss with aging and vice versa. These findings indicate that age-related vessel loss is region specific and can be explained, at least partially, by regional susceptibilities to capillary plugging.

scholarly journals The metabolism of phospholipids in mouse brain slices

1966 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 674-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Clayton ◽  
CE Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Subcellular Fractions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Radioactive Labelling

1. Slices of mouse brain grey matter were incubated with [(32)P]phosphate and [1-(14)C]acetate. Doubly labelled phospholipids were extracted from subcellular fractions prepared from the slices in a mixture of metabolic inhibitors, under conditions where there was negligible change in radioactive labelling during the preparation. Two tissue fractions were studied in detail; one contained a high proportion of mitochondria and the other was mainly microsomal. 2. In all tissue fractions the highest incorporations of both [(32)P]phosphate and [1-(14)C]acetate occurred into phosphatidylcholine. 3. After incubation for 1hr., the (32)P/(14)C ratios for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid in the mitochondrial fraction were similar to those in the microsomal fraction. 4. The (32)P/(14)C ratios were similar in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and much lower than those in phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol.

scholarly journals Automated quantification of deep grey matter structures and white matter lesions using magnetic resonance imaging in relapsing remission multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Rizkallah ◽  
Mohamed Hefida ◽  
Mohamed Khalil ◽  
Rasha Mahmoud Dawoud
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Automated Segmentation ◽  
Deep Grey Matter

Abstract Background Brain volume loss (BVL) is widespread in MS and occurs throughout the disease course at a rate considerably greater than in the general population. In MS, brain volume correlates with and predicts future disability, making BVL a relevant measure of diffuse CNS damage leading to clinical disease progression, as well as serving as a useful outcome in evaluating MS therapies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of automated segmentation and quantification of deep grey matter structures and white matter lesions in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis patients using MR images and to correlate the volumetric results with different degrees of disability based on expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores. Results All the patients in our study showed relative atrophy of the thalamus and the putamen bilaterally when compared with the normal control group. Statistical analysis was significant for the thalamus and the putamen atrophy (P value < 0.05). On the other hand, statistical analysis was not significant for the caudate and the hippocampus (P value > 0.05); there was a significant positive correlation between the white matter lesions volume and EDSS scores (correlation coefficient of 0.7505). On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between the thalamus and putamen volumes, and EDSS scores (correlation coefficients < − 0.9), while the volumes of the caudate and the hippocampus had a very weak and non-significant correlation with the EDSS scores (correlation coefficients > − 0.35). Conclusions The automated segmentation and quantification tools have a great role in the assessment of brain structural changes in RRMS patients, and that it became essential to integrate these tools in the daily medical practice for the great value they add to the current evaluation measures.

Individual differences in white and grey matter structure associated with verbal habits of thought

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Hayes ◽  
Katherine L Alfred ◽  
Rachel Pizzie ◽  
Joshua S. Cetron ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
White Matter Tracts

Modality specific encoding habits account for a significant portion of individual differences reflected in functional activation during cognitive processing. Yet, little is known about how these habits of thought influence long-term structural changes in the brain. Traditionally, habits of thought have been assessed using self-report questionnaires such as the visualizer-verbalizer questionnaire. Here, rather than relying on subjective reports, we measured habits of thought using a novel behavioral task assessing attentional biases toward picture and word stimuli. Hypothesizing that verbal habits of thought are reflected in the structural integrity of white matter tracts and cortical regions of interest, we used diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analyses to assess this prediction. Using a whole-brain approach, we show that word bias is associated with increased volume in several bilateral language regions, in both white and grey matter parcels. Additionally, connectivity within white matter tracts within an a priori speech production network increased as a function of word bias. These results demonstrate long-term structural and morphological differences associated with verbal habits of thought.

scholarly journals Modelling the cascade of biomarker changes in GRN-related frontotemporal dementia

2021 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-323541
Author(s):  
Jessica L Panman ◽  
Vikram Venkatraghavan ◽  
Emma L van der Ende ◽  
Rebecca M E Steketee ◽  
Lize C Jiskoot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Mutation Carriers ◽  
Individual Disease

ObjectiveProgranulin-related frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN) is a fast progressive disease. Modelling the cascade of multimodal biomarker changes aids in understanding the aetiology of this disease and enables monitoring of individual mutation carriers. In this cross-sectional study, we estimated the temporal cascade of biomarker changes for FTD-GRN, in a data-driven way.MethodsWe included 56 presymptomatic and 35 symptomatic GRN mutation carriers, and 35 healthy non-carriers. Selected biomarkers were neurofilament light chain (NfL), grey matter volume, white matter microstructure and cognitive domains. We used discriminative event-based modelling to infer the cascade of biomarker changes in FTD-GRN and estimated individual disease severity through cross-validation. We derived the biomarker cascades in non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA) and behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) to understand the differences between these phenotypes.ResultsLanguage functioning and NfL were the earliest abnormal biomarkers in FTD-GRN. White matter tracts were affected before grey matter volume, and the left hemisphere degenerated before the right. Based on individual disease severities, presymptomatic carriers could be delineated from symptomatic carriers with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96.1%. The estimated disease severity strongly correlated with functional severity in nfvPPA, but not in bvFTD. In addition, the biomarker cascade in bvFTD showed more uncertainty than nfvPPA.ConclusionDegeneration of axons and language deficits are indicated to be the earliest biomarkers in FTD-GRN, with bvFTD being more heterogeneous in disease progression than nfvPPA. Our data-driven model could help identify presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers at risk of conversion to the clinical stage.

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