scholarly journals The pattern of fatty acid synthesis in lactating rabbit mammary gland studied in vivo

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Carey ◽  
R. Dils
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The biosynthesis of fatty acids has been studied in lactating rabbits at 6h after intravenous injection of sodium [1-14C]acetate. The specific radioactivities of the individual fatty acids (C6:0 to C14:0) and the proportions of these fatty acids synthesized were similar in mammary tissue and milk. Hexanoic acid had the highest specific radioactivity, and the C8:0–C14:0 fatty acids had similar specific radioactivities, which were about five times those of C16 and C18 acids. No radioactivity was detected in fatty acids of chain length <C14 in the liver, blood or adipose tissue and the specific radioactivities of fatty acids of chain length >C14 in these tissues were similar to those of the long-chain fatty acids in the milk and mammary gland. The results show that the C4:0–C14:0 fatty acids are synthesized within the mammary gland rather than by fatty acid uptake from circulating blood or by oxidation of long-chain fatty acids within the gland. We conclude that de novo synthesis of esterified fatty acids in vivo by this tissue has a high degree of chain-length specificity.

Caprenin 1. Digestion, Absorption, and Rearrangement in Thoracic Duct-Cannulated Rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Webb ◽  
R. A. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Caprenin (CAP) is a triglyceride that primarily contains caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not CAP is qualitatively digested, absorbed, and rearranged like other dietary fats and oils that contain these medium-chain and very long-chain fatty acids. In vitro results showed that neat CAP, coconut oil (CO) and peanut oil (PO) were hydrolyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase. All of the neat triglycerides also were digested in vivo by both male and female rats. This was shown by the recovery of significantly more extractable lymphatic fat than with fat-free control animals and by the recovery of orally administered triglyceride-derived fatty acids in lymph triglycerides. However, substantially more PO (74%) and CO (51%) were recovered in lymph relative to CAP (10%). These quantitative differences are consistent with the fatty acid composition of each triglyceride and primary routes of fatty acid uptake. The 24-h lymphatic recovery of CAP-derived C8:0, C10:0, and C22:0 averaged 3.9%, 17.8%, and 11.2%, respectively, for male and female rats. The C8:0 and C10:0 results approximated those obtained with CO (2.0% and 16.3%, respectively). In contrast, the 24-h absorbability of C22:0 in CAP was significantly less than that seen in PO (55.4%). Finally, there was no evidence of significant rearrangement of the positions of fatty acids on glycerol during digestion and absorption. Those fatty acids recovered in lymphatic fat tended to occupy the same glyceride positions that they did in the neat administered oils. However, the lymph fats recovered from all animals dosed with fat emulsions were enriched with endogenous lymph fatty acids. It is concluded that CAP is qualitatively digested, absorbed, and processed like any dietary fat or oil that contains medium-chain and very long-chain fatty acids.

scholarly journals Polyenoic very-long-chain fatty acids mobilize intracellular calcium from a thapsigargin-insensitive pool in human neutrophils. The relationship between Ca2+ mobilization and superoxide production induced by long- and very-long-chain fatty acids

1995 ◽  
Vol 311 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Hardy ◽  
B S Robinson ◽  
A Ferrante ◽  
C S T Hii ◽  
D W Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Superoxide Production ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with more than 22 carbon atoms (very-long-chain fatty acids; VLCFAs) are normal cellular components that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of peroxisomal disorders. To date, however, essentially nothing is known regarding their biological activities. Ca2+ mobilization is an important intracellular signalling system for a variety of agonists and cell types. Given that several polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids mobilize intracellular Ca2+ and that we have postulated that the VLCFAs may be involved in signal transduction, we examined whether the tetraenoic VLCFA induced Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils. We report that fatty acid-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization declined for fatty acid species of more than 20 carbon atoms, but increased again as the carbon chain length approached 30. This Ca2+ mobilization occurred independently of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production and protein kinase C translocation and involved both the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores and changes to the influx or efflux of the ion. We further observed that triacontatetraenoic acid [30:4(n-6)] mobilized Ca2+ from a thapsigargin-insensitive intracellular pool distinct from the thapsigargin-sensitive pools affected by arachidonic acid [20:4(n - 6)] or N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP). 20:4 (n - 6) induced strong superoxide production (chemiluminescence) which was inhibited by thapsigargin pretreatment. In contrast, fatty acid-induced superoxide production progressively declined as the carbon chain length increased beyond 20-22 carbon atoms. Further studies suggested that the thapsigargin-insensitive Ca2+ mobilization elicited by 30:4 (n - 6) was not related to oxyradical formation, while the thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ mobilization induced by 20:4 (n - 6) may be involved in the initiation but not necessarily the maintenance of superoxide production. In conclusion, this is the first report to demonstrate a biological activity for the VLCFA and indicates that 30:4 (n - 6) influences second messenger systems in intact cells that differ from those affected by long-chain fatty acids such as 20:4 (n - 6).

scholarly journals A Review of the Metabolic Origins of Milk Fatty Acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria COZMA ◽  
Doina MIERE ◽  
Lorena FILIP ◽  
Sanda ANDREI ◽  
Roxana BANC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Milk fat and its fatty acid profile are important determinants of the technological, sensorial, and nutritional properties of milk and dairy products. The two major processes contributing to the presence of fatty acids in ruminant milk are the mammary lipogenesis and the lipid metabolism in the rumen. Among fatty acids, 4:0 to 12:0, almost all 14:0 and about a half of 16:0 in milk fat derive from de novo synthesis within the mammary gland. De novo synthesis utilizes as precursors acetate and butyrate produced through carbohydrates ruminal fermentation and involves acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase as key enzymes. The rest of 16:0 and all of the long-chain fatty acids derive from mammary uptake of circulating lipoproteins and nonesterified fatty acids that originate from digestive absorption of lipids and body fat mobilization. Further, long-chain fatty acids as well as medium-chain fatty acids entering the mammary gland can be desaturated via Δ-9 desaturase, an enzyme that acts by adding a cis-9-double bond on the fatty acid chain. Moreover, ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of numerous fatty acids available for incorporation into milk fat. Ruminal biohydrogenation is performed by rumen microbial population as a means of protection against the toxic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Within the rumen microorganisms, bacteria are principally responsible for ruminal biohydrogenation when compared to protozoa and anaerobic fungi.

The effect of a blend of dietary unesterified and saturated long-chain fatty acids on the performance of dairy cows in mid-lactation

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR King ◽  
CR Stockdale ◽  
TE Trigg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

This experiment studied the effects of feeding a supplement of a blend of unesterified and saturated long-chain fatty acids on the productivity of dairy cows in mid-lactation. Twenty-three cows in their fourth month of lactation were individually fed ad libitum, a mixed balanced ration based on maize silage, lucerne hay and rolled grain. Varying quantities, up to 1020 g cow-1 day-1 of the fatty acid supplement, were mixed into the ration. Yields of milk and milk products were linearly related to total long-chain fatty acid intake. Milk fat content increased linearly while milk protein content averaged 3.59 (s.d. � 0.15)%. The marginal returns from feeding 1 kg of the supplement were 3.3 kg milk, 0.33 kg fat and 0.07 kg protein. The proportions of C 10:0, C12:0 and C 14:0 fatty acids in milk were decreased, while those of C 18:0 and C18:1 were increased as the result of feeding long-chain fatty acids. The concentration of lipid in plasma was increased, but acetate and D-(3)-hydroxybutyrate levels in blood remained unchanged with increased levels of dietary long-chain fatty acid. Efficiency of milk production was increased by 11% from feeding 1 kg of the supplement. In vivo digestibilities of dry matter, neutral and acid detergent fibres, and dietary long-chain fatty acids were unaffected by supplement.

scholarly journals Adipocyte-specific Inactivation of Acyl-CoA Synthetase Fatty Acid Transport Protein 4 (Fatp4) in Mice Causes Adipose Hypertrophy and Alterations in Metabolism of Complex Lipids under High Fat Diet

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (41) ◽  
pp. 35578-35587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena-Solveig Lenz ◽  
Jana Marx ◽  
Walee Chamulitrat ◽  
Iris Kaiser ◽  
Hermann-Josef Gröne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Complex Lipids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Fatp4 exhibits acyl-CoA synthetase activity and is thereby able to catalyze the activation of fatty acids for further metabolism. However, its actual function in most tissues remains unresolved, and its role in cellular fatty acid uptake is still controversial. To characterize Fatp4 functions in adipocytes in vivo, we generated a mouse line with adipocyte-specific inactivation of the Fatp4 gene (Fatp4A−/−). Under standard conditions mutant mice showed no phenotypical aberrance. Uptake of radiolabeled palmitic and lignoceric acid into adipose tissue of Fatp4A−/− mice was unchanged. When exposed to a diet enriched in long chain fatty acids, Fatp4A−/− mice gained more body weight compared with control mice, although they were not consuming more food. Pronounced obesity was accompanied by a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat and greater adipocyte circumference, although expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis was not changed. However, the increase in total fat mass was contrasted by a significant decrease in various phospholipids, sphingomyelin, and cholesteryl esters in adipocytes. Livers of Fatp4-deficient animals under a high fat diet exhibited a higher degree of fatty degeneration. Nonetheless, no evidence for changes in insulin sensitivity and adipose inflammation was found. In summary, the results of this study confirm that Fatp4 is not crucial for fatty acid uptake into adipocytes. Instead, under the condition of a diet enriched in long chain fatty acids, adipocyte-specific Fatp4 deficiency results in adipose hypertrophy and profound alterations in the metabolism of complex lipids.

Membrane permeation and intracellular trafficking of long chain fatty acids: insights fromEscherichia coliand 3T3-L1 adipocytes

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dev Mangroo ◽  
Bernardo L. Trigatti ◽  
Gerhard E. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Long chain fatty acids are important substrates for energy production and lipid synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Their cellular uptake represents an important first step leading to metabolism. This step is induced in Escherichia coli by growth in medium containing long chain fatty acids and in murine 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation to adipocytes. Consequently, these have been used extensively as model systems to study the cellular uptake of long chain fatty acids. Here, we present an overview of our current understanding of long chain fatty acid uptake in these cells. It consists of several distinct steps, mediated by a combination of biochemical and physico-chemical processes, and is driven by conversion of long chain fatty acids to acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase. An understanding of long chain fatty acid uptake may provide valuable insights into the roles of fatty acids in the regulation of cell signalling cascades, in the regulation of a variety of metabolic and transport processes, and in a variety of mammalian pathogenic conditions such as obesity and diabetes.Key words: acyl-CoA synthetase, adipocyte, Escherichia coli, fatty acid, transport, uptake.

scholarly journals Interactions of insulin, corticosterone and prolactin in promoting milk-fat synthesis by mammary explants from pregnant rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Forsyth ◽  
Christopher R. Strong ◽  
Raymond Dils
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

1. The rate of fatty acid synthesis by mammary explants from rabbits pregnant for 16 days or from rabbits pseudopregnant for 11 days was stimulated up to 15-fold by culturing for 2–4 days with prolactin. This treatment initiated the predominant synthesis of C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, which are characteristic of rabbit milk. 2. Inclusion of insulin in the culture medium increased the rate of synthesis of these medium-chain fatty acids. By contrast the inclusion of corticosterone led to the predominant synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. When explants were cultured for 2–4 days with insulin, corticosterone and prolactin, the rate of fatty acid synthesis increased up to 42-fold, but both medium- and long-chain fatty acids were synthesized. 3. These results show that the stimulus to mammary-gland lipogenesis and the initiation of synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids observed between days 16 and 23 of pregnancy in the rabbit can be simulated in vitro by prolactin alone. 4. When mammary explants from rabbits pregnant for 23 days were cultured for 2 days with insulin, corticosterone and prolactin, the rate of fatty acid synthesis increased fivefold, but there was a preferential synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Culture with prolactin alone had little effect on the rate or pattern of fatty acids synthesized. 5. The results are compared with findings in vivo on the control of lipogenesis in the rabbit mammary gland, and are contrasted with the known effects of hormones in vitro on the mammary gland of the mid-pregnant mouse.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Fatty Acid Saturation and Chain Length on NASH in Juvenile Iberian Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 682-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Dillard ◽  
Morgan Coffin ◽  
Gabriella Hernandez ◽  
Victoria Smith ◽  
Catherine Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the major cause of pediatric chronic liver pathology in the United States. The objective of this study was to compare the relative effect of inclusion of isocaloric amounts of saturated medium-chain fatty acids (hydrogenated coconut oil), saturated long-chain fatty acids (lard) and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (olive oil) on endpoints of NAFLD and insulin resistance. Methods Thirty-eight 15-d-old Iberian pigs were fed 1 of 4 diets containing (g/kg body weight × d) 1) control (CON; n = 8): 0 g fructose, 10.5 g fat, and 187 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), 2) lard (LAR; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (100% lard) and 299 kcal ME, 3) hydrogenated coconut oil (COCO; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 16.9 g fat (42.5% lard and 57.5% coconut oil) and 299 kcal ME, and 4) olive oil (OLV, n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (43.5% lard and 56.5% olive oil) and 299 kcal ME, for 9 consecutive weeks. Body weight was recorded every 3 d. Serum markers of liver injury and dyslipidemia were measured on d 60 at 2 h post feeding, with all other serum measures assessed on d 70. Liver tissue was collected on d 70 for histology, triacylglyceride (TG) quantification, and metabolomics analysis. Results Tissue histology indicated the presence of steatosis in LAR, COCO and OLV compared with CON (P ≤ 0.001), with a further increase in in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in OLV and COCO compared with LAR (P ≤ 0.01). Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were higher in COCO and OLV (P ≤ 0.01) than CON. All treatment groups had lower liver concentrations of methyl donor's choline and betaine versus CON, while bile acids were differentially changed (P ≤ 0.05). COCO had higher levels of TGs with less carbons (Total carbons &lt; 52) than all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Several long-chain acylcarnitines involved in fat oxidation were higher in OLV versus all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Inclusion of fats enriched in medium-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in a high-fructose high-fat diet increased liver injury, compared with fats with a long-chain saturated fatty acid profile. Further research is required to investigate the mechanisms causing this difference in physiological response to these dietary fat sources. Funding Sources ARI, AcornSeekers.

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