scholarly journals An investigation of lipogenic and glycolytic enzyme activity in the liver of sexually immature and mature domestic fowl

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Liver Lipid Content ◽  
Citrate Lyase

In the non-laying pullet and the cockerel it was observed that there was no significant variation in the activities of ATP citrate lyase and `malic' enzyme whereas in the laying hen there was a significantly greater activity of both these enzymes. Parallel increases in liver lipid content in the laying hen were also observed. Three glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase and pyruvate kinase, did not exhibit any significant variation in enzyme activity with the onset of egg laying. These results are discussed in relation to the hormonal status of the birds and also the demands of egg production for lipid.

INDUCTION BY GONADAL HORMONES OF HEPATIC LIPOGENIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN IMMATURE PULLETS

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. BALNAVE ◽  
J. PEARCE
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Lipogenic Enzyme ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Liver Lipid Content ◽  
Hormone Administration ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Specific Activities

SUMMARY The effect of gonadal hormone administration on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity, and some physiological parameters was investigated in immature pullets. Pullets (aged 4 weeks) were allocated to treatment groups and received intramuscular injections of oestradiol, testosterone, progesterone or oestradiol + testosterone (all in 0·3 ml corn oil) or corn oil alone (control group). There was no evidence of any hormone-induced changes in the specific activity of hepatic ATP-citrate lyase 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after hormone administration. NADP-malate dehydrogenase exhibited significant variations in specific activity over this period of time and it is probable that these changes reflected an increased requirement for NADPH for synthetic purposes in hormone-treated birds. The effect of 1, 2, 4 and 9 days of hormone administration was also investigated. In testosterone-treated birds there were significant increases in the specific activities of both lipogenic enzymes after 1 day of hormone treatment whereas for birds receiving oestradiol the maximum specific activities were found on the second day. Similarly, the liver lipid content of oestradioltreated birds showed a substantial increase on day 2. After 9 days of hormone administration no significant differences in the specific activity of ATP-citrate lyase were observed between treatments but the specific activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase was significantly reduced in oestradiol- or mixed hormone-treated birds; it is possible that the reduced enzyme activity is associated with a reduced requirement for NADPH and in this connexion there were no further increases in liver lipid content or liver weight after 4 days of hormone administration. The liver RNA:DNA ratio tended to be greatest in birds receiving oestradiol or oestradiol + testosterone. Studies utilizing inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis showed that such compounds abolished the increases in lipogenic enzyme activity following hormone administration suggesting that these increases were hormone-induced effects. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of the various hormones on liver lipid metabolism and also in relation to the situation in the mature laying hen.

scholarly journals A biochemical explanation for the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of broilers: its alleviation by the short-term use of dietary fat

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
R. B. Cumming ◽  
T. M. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Liver And Kidney

1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in young broiler chickens by giving them a diet composed principally of wheat and meat meal.2. FLKS resulted in reduced growth and increased liver weight; fasting for 18 h increased mortality, liver lipid and the specific activity of hepatic ATP-citrate lyase compared with birds fed on a commercial diet. The specific activities of hepatic fructose-l,6-diphosphate-l-phosphohydrolase and pyruvate carboxylase were reduced in birds suffering from FLKS and fasted for 18 h.3. Feeding of the FLKS-inducing diet supplemented with 150 g animal tallow/kg for 54 h considerably reduced mortality while restoring liver composition and enzyme activities towards those observed in birds fed a commercial diet. Investigations indicated that the glycerol component of the fat was not responsible for the observed responses.4. The present results suggest that in FLKS insufficiencies of biotin are induced in specific enzyme systems, but the syndrome may be alleviated without the use of supplementary biotin.5. The evidence indicates that, when stressed, birds affected by FLKS die from the hypoglycaemia occurring as a result of a reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis.

scholarly journals Genetic type and growth influence on the production characteristics of light line hen hybrids

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
V. Rajicic ◽  
S. Mitrovic ◽  
S. Bogosavljevic-Boskovic ◽  
J. Milivojevic ◽  
M. Staletic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Genetic Type ◽  
Light Line ◽  
Average Consumption ◽  
Production Characteristics

The aim of this work was parallel investigation of the producing characteristics of light line hen hybrids. Investigation enclosed two hen proveniences: Hisex Brown and Shawer 579. Within the period of 19 up to 63 weeks we followed next parameters: egg-laying hen body mass, mortality, food consumption and egg-laying capacity. Hens body mass on the beginning of the examination, within the 19 weeks of growth was, for Hisex Brown provenience 1607g, and for Shawer 579 provenience 1563g. Hisex Brown provenience achieved about 250 g higher body mass on the end of investigation. During the experiment, mortality at Hisex Brown egg-laying hen was a little bit smaller (5,40%), while the Shawer 579 had 5,56% of dead hens. Globally, the mortality at both hen hybrids was in the range of technological normative. The average consumption of the food at Hisex Brown provenience was higher and it was 127,28g, and at Shawer 579 provenience 125,14g. The average consumption of the nutrition for egg production at both provenience was the same (150g).

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Ovarian Follicles Reveals Potential Pivotal Genes Associated With Increased and Decreased Rates of Chicken Egg Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Chen ◽  
Xue Sun ◽  
Ignatius Musenge Chimbaka ◽  
Ning Qin ◽  
Xiaoxing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Ovarian Follicle Development

Egg production is an important economic trait in the commercial poultry industry. Ovarian follicle development plays a pivotal role in regulation of laying hen performance and reproductive physiology. However, the key genes and signaling pathways involved in the various-stages of laying hen follicular development remain poorly understood. In this study, transcriptomes of ovarian follicles at three developmental stages, the large white follicle (LWF), small yellow follicle (SYF), and large yellow follicle (LYF), were comparatively analyzed in hens with high (HR) and low (LR) egg-laying rates by RNA-sequencing. Eighteen cDNA libraries were constructed and a total of 236, 544, and 386 unigenes were significantly differentially expressed in the LWF, SYF, and LYF follicles of HR and LR hens, respectively. Among them, 47 co-transcribed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LWF and SYF, 68 co-expressed DEGs in SYF and LYF, and 54 co-expressed DEGs in LWF and LYF were mined. Thirteen co-expressed DEGs were found in LWF, SYF, and LYF follicles. Eighteen candidate genes, including P2RX1, CAB39L, BLK, CSMD3, GPR65, ADRB2, CSMD1, PLPP4, ATF3, PRLL, STMN3, RORB, PIK3R1, PERP1, ACSBG1, MRTO4, CDKN1A, and EDA2R were identified to be potentially related to egg production. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway might elicit an important role in formation of egg-laying traits by influencing ovarian follicle development. This study represents the first transcriptome analysis of various-sized follicles between HR and LR hens. These results provide useful molecular evidence for elucidating the genetic mechanism underlying ovarian follicle development associated with egg production in chicken.

scholarly journals Genetic control of metabolism: enzyme studies of the obese and adipose mutants in the mouse

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Bulfield
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Primary Lesion ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Metabolism Enzyme ◽  
Pheno Type

SUMMARYThe activity of several enzymes has been determined in the livers of homozygous obese and adipose mice, their normal litter-mates, and phenocopies induced in normal mice by aurothioglucose (ATG) injections.Obese, adipose and ATG mice had higher activities of ATP citrate lyase, malic enzyme (NADP malate dehydrogenase) and pyruvate kinase than normal mice. Heterozygote activities are indistinguishable from wild-type. There was no difference between normal and fat litter-mates in the activity of malate dehydrogenase (NAD-linked), lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and fumarase.Crosses between mice doubly heterozygous for roth the ad and ob genes produced offspring that were only ‘fat’ or ‘normal’ and no offspring could be phenotypically recognized as the double mutant, either physically or in terms of ATP citrate lyase activity.Gas–liquid chromatography of the fatty acids of the depot fat showed no differences between any of the types of litter-mate.The alterations found in enzyme activity in obese and adipose mice are compared to several other enzyme activity differences reported in the literature for obese mice. These are discussed in relation to genetical criteria that may be estarlished to assess, from quantitative data, whether an enzyme is the site of the primary lesion in a mutant pheno-type. Some general observations are made on genetics and the control of metabolism.

scholarly journals Dietary lipoic acid-dependent changes in the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Thi Thanh Huong ◽  
Takashi Ide
Keyword(s):  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lowered Serum

Effects of dietary α-lipoic acid on hepatic and serum lipid concentrations and the activity and mRNA levels of lipogenic enzymes were examined in rats. Rats were fed experimental diets containing varying amounts of lipoic acid (0, 1, 2·5, 5 g/kg) for 21 d. Lipoic acid profoundly decreased serum and liver concentrations of TAG, and also lowered serum concentrations of phospholipid and NEFA, and the concentration of cholesterol in the liver. A hypoglycaemic effect of this compound was also observed. Lipoic acid dose-dependently decreased the activity and mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and pyruvate kinase in the liver despite that reductions were considerably attenuated in the NADPH-producing enzymes. This compound also dose-dependently lowered the mRNA levels of spot 14, adiponutrin, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases. In addition, lipoic acid dose-dependently lowered serum concentrations of insulin and leptin, but increased those of adiponectin. Lipoic acid appeared to reduce hepatic lipogenesis and hence decreases serum and liver lipid levels. Alterations in serum concentrations of insulin and (or) adiponectin may trigger this consequence.

scholarly journals Glucose- and insulin-independent induction of ATP citrate lyase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

1983 ◽  
Vol 212 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
N R Katz ◽  
S Giffhorn
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Enzyme Protein ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Initial Decrease ◽  
Translational Level

ATP citrate lyase, which is involved in the translocation of the lipogenic precursor acetyl-CoA from mitochondria to cytosol, was studied in primary cultures of hepatocytes from adult rats. After an initial decrease at the first day of culture the enzyme activity was nearly constant during the following days. It could be enhanced between 24h and 48 h in culture about 1.5-fold by elevation of the insulin concentration to 10-7mol/1.22-fold by elevation of the glucose concentration from 5 to 25 mmol/l and 3.5-fold by simultaneous elevation of insulin and glucose. The increase of activity was about linear with time for 24 h and could be blocked by cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis at the translational level. Both observations suggest that the enhancement of activity was due to induction rather than to activation by interconversion. The glucose-dependent induction was furthermore evidenced by immunotitration which indicated a parallel increase of activity and enzyme protein.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Marula Nut Meal on Liver Lipid Content and Surrogate Markers of Liver and Kidney Function of Broiler and Layer Japanese Quail

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulelani Elvis Mazizi ◽  
Kennedy Honey Erlwanger ◽  
Eliton Chivandi
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
General Health ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Liver Lipid Content ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Marula nut meal (MNM) can substitute soyabean meal (SBM) as a dietary protein source in Japanese quail diets without compromising growth performance and egg production. However, MNM has a high residual oil content which may impact metabolic health. The effects of MNM on hepatic lipid content and general, liver and kidney health have not been determined in both broilers and layers. Accordingly, two studies were run. In the broiler study two hundred 9-days old Japanese quail were randomly allocated to five diets wherein MNM replaced SBM on a crude protein (CP) basis at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively, in both grower and finisher diets. In the layer study, sixty 5-weeks old Japanese maiden hens, individually housed, were randomly allocated to five-layer diets where MNM replaced SBM on a graded CP basis as for the broilers and fed for 8 weeks. At study termination the birds were slaughtered, blood collected and plasma harvested. Livers were excised, weighed and liver lipid content determined. Plasma surrogate markers of general health, liver and kidney function were determined. Dietary MNM had no effect (P > 0.05) on liver lipid content as well plasma surrogate markers of general health, liver and kidney function of the broiler quail. Dietary MNM at 75% of SBM CP significantly increased plasma phosphorus concentration of quail hens compared to that of counterparts fed control. Dietary MNM can be used in broiler and layer Japanese quail diets without risking development of fatty livers and compromising liver and kidney function.

scholarly journals Additional information about a mange outbreak by Allopsoroptoides galli (Acari: Psoroptoididae) in commercial laying hens in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 760-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna C. Tucci ◽  
Nilce M. Soares ◽  
João Luiz H. Faccini ◽  
David Vilas Boas
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Unpleasant Odor

This paper reports additional information about a mange outbreak by the mite Allopsoroptoides galli in a commercial egg-laying hen facility in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. About half of the 76,000 multi-age birds of the flock were affected. Experimental infestations carried out on naive hens resulted in clinical signs similar to those diagnosed in naturally infested hens, such as generalized scaly dermatitis, presence of mucus-like material and yellowish crusts on the skin and around the calami, feather loss and strong unpleasant odor. About 30% drop of egg production was estimated. The possible source of infestation were wild birds identified on the ground and roofs of the sheds.

scholarly journals Changes in hepatic lipogenesis during development of the rat

1967 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
C B Taylor ◽  
E. Bailey ◽  
W Bartley
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Malic Enzyme Activity ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. Changes in the activities of ATP citrate lyase, ‘malic’ enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, and in the ability to incorporate [1−14C]acetate into lipid have been measured in the livers of developing rats between late foetal life and maturity. 2. In male rats the activities of those systems directly or indirectly concerned in lipogenesis (acetate incorporation into lipid, ATP citrate lyase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) fall after birth and are maintained at a low value until weaning. After weaning these activities rise to a maximum between 30 and 40 days and then decline, reaching adult values at about 60 days. ‘Malic’ enzyme activity follows a similar course, except that none could be detected in the foetal liver. Pyruvate kinase activity is lower in foetal than in adult livers and rises to slightly higher than the adult value in the post-weaning period. Fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activity rises from a very low foetal value to reach a maximum at about 10 days but falls rapidly after weaning to reach adult values at about 30 days. 3. Weaning rats on to a high-fat diet caused the low activities of acetate incorporation, ATP citrate lyase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase, characteristic of the suckling period, to persist. ‘Malic’ enzyme and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activities were not altered appreciably. 4. No differences could be detected in hepatic enzyme activities between males and females up to 35 days, but after this time female rats gave higher values for acetate incorporation, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and ‘malic’ enzyme activity. 5. The results are discussed in relation to changes in alimentation and hormonal influences.

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