scholarly journals Specificity of action of adrenocorticotrophin in vitro on ascorbate transport in rat adrenal glands

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Clayman ◽  
D. Tsang ◽  
A. F. De Nicola ◽  
R. M. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Ascorbate Transport

The inhibition of ascorbate transport by rat adrenal quarters in response to steroidogenesis in vitro was shown to be highly specific with respect to tissue, substrate and steroidogenic agent. The transport system in vitro is capable of net accumulation of ascorbate. The evidence is consistent with the conclusion that ascorbate `depletion' in the adrenal gland is due to a specific block by corticoids of the uptake of ascorbate.

UTILIZATION OF [26-14C]CHOLESTEROL BY HUMAN FOETAL ADRENAL GLANDS IN VITRO

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GUNASEGARAM ◽  
K. L. PEH ◽  
P. C. T. CHEW ◽  
S. M. M. KARIM ◽  
S. S. RATNAM
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽  
Perfusion Studies

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Singapore, Kandang Kerbau Hospitalfor Women, Singapore 8, Republic of Singapore (Received 3 May 1978) From the previous studies of Bloch & Benirschke (1959, 1962) and Plotz, Kabara, Davis, LeRoy & Gould (1968) it appears that at mid-term, human foetal adrenal glands are capable of synthesizing C21- and C19-steroids de novo from acetate and cholesterol. Villee, Engel, Loring & Villee (1961), however, incubated slices and homogenates of foetal adrenal gland with [2-14C]acetate or [4-14C]cholesterol and could not demonstrate the incorporation of radioactivity into these steroids. Moreover, perfusion studies by three groups of investigators indicated only minute conversions of the same radioactive substrates into neutral steroids in the foetal adrenal glands (Solomon, Bird, Ling, Iwamiya & Young, 1967; Telegdy, Weeks, Archer, Wiqvist & Diczfalusy, 1970a; Telegdy, Weeks, Lerner, Stakemann & Diczfalusy, 1970b). It is widely believed that steroid hormones are normally synthesized from acetate via

scholarly journals Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and their receptors: distribution and involvement in the secretion of Podarcis sicula adrenal gland

2007 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Valiante ◽  
Marina Prisco ◽  
Rosaria Sciarrillo ◽  
Maria De Falco ◽  
Anna Capaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Podarcis Sicula ◽  
Adrenal Cell ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are regulatory neuropeptides of the hypothalamus–hypophyseal–adrenal axis, acting via the common receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 and the selective PACAP receptor PAC1. In the adrenal glands of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula, the presence of VIP in chromaffin cells, and the VIP-stimulated release of catecholamine and aldosterone in vivo, was previously shown. To examine the localization of both peptides and receptors and their mRNAs in the adrenal gland of P. sicula, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed: PACAP and its mRNA were detected in chromaffin cells, VPAC1 was found associated with steroidogenic tissue, VPAC2 and PAC1 with chromaffin tissue. Using ‘far western blot’ technique, we showed the presence of specific binding sites for VIP/PACAP in the adrenal glands of the lizard. The effects of both VIP and PACAP on the adrenal cells of the lizard were examined in vitro in adrenal cell co-cultures: both VIP and PACAP enhanced catecholamine, corticosterone and aldosterone release from adrenal cell co-culture in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The catecholamine release was inhibited by PAC1 antagonist and in VPAC2 immunoneutralized adrenal cells. The effects of VIP and PACAP on aldosterone secretion were counteracted by VPAC1 antagonist administration in vitro. Corticosterone secretion elicited by VIP was not blocked by VPAC1 antagonist, while the PACAP-induced release of corticosterone was blocked by the antagonist. Overall, our investigations indicate that these neuropeptides of the secretin superfamily can act not only as neurotransmitters but also as autocrine and paracrine regulators on chromaffin and cortical cells, being important mediators of the non-cholinergic system in the lizard adrenal gland.

HYDROXYLATION OF 11-DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE BY ADRENALS OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES

1963 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
K. GRIFFITHS
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Venous Blood

SUMMARY The metabolism of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in vitro by homogenates of adrenal glands from various species has been studied. Homogenates of 'non-fatty' adrenal glands, especially those prepared from golden hamster adrenals, were shown to possess an active 19-hydroxylating enzyme system. In the case of the golden hamster adrenal, approximately 30% of the added DOC was converted to 19-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (19-OH-DOC). Negligible transformation was observed using homogenates prepared from 'fatty' adrenal glands, similar to the type found in man. 19-OH-DOC was, however, formed from DOC by a homogenate of a human foetal adrenal gland. No relationship was observed between the 11β-hydroxylating activity of the adrenal homogenate, and the reported cortisol/corticosterone ratio found in the adrenal venous blood of various animals.

In vivo and in vitro evidence for the production of inhibin-like immunoreactivity in human adrenocortical adenomas and normal adrenal glands: relatively high secretion from adenomas manifesting Cushing's syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Nishi ◽  
Masafumi Haji ◽  
Ryoichi Takayanagi ◽  
Toshihiko Yanase ◽  
Shoichiro Ikuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Adrenocortical Adenomas

Nishi Y, Haji M, Takayanagi R, Yanase T, Ikuyama S, Nawata H. In vivo and in vitro evidence for the production of inhibin-like immunoreactivity in human adrenocortical adenomas and normal adrenal glands: relatively high secretion from adenomas manifesting Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:292–9. ISSN 0804–4643 To clarify whether adrenal gland secretes inhibin in vivo in physiological or pathological conditions, we measured the levels of inhibin-like immunoreactivity (inhibin-LI) in adrenal veins (A-vein) and compared them with those in inferior vena cava (IVC) using blood samples obtained at catheterization of adrenal vein in the patients with adrenal adenoma manifesting Cushing's syndrome (Cs), aldosterone-producing adenoma, clinically non-functioning adenoma and normal adrenal gland. The tumor sides of A-veins in the patients with adenomas and also both sides of A-veins in subjects with normal adrenal glands showed significantly higher contents of inhibin-LI than their IVC. When the inhibin-LI secretion rate from adrenal gland was estimated by the difference between the levels of A-vein (tumor side) and IVC, Cs adenomas showed the highest secretion rate. Similarly, the tissue inhibin-LI content and the basal secretion rate of inhibit-LI from primary cultured cells were the highest in Cs adenomas. These findings indicated that normal adrenal glands and adrenocortical adenomas produced and secreted inhibin-LI into the general circulation in vivo and Cs adenomas have relatively high capacity for secreting inhibin-LI, and the present study provided the first in vivo evidence for adrenal inhibin-LI production in pathological conditions Yoshihiro Nishi, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812, Japan

THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF OESTROGENS FROM PROGESTERONE BY MOUSE ADRENAL GLANDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. VINSON ◽  
I. CHESTER JONES
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Vitro Production

SUMMARY The capacity of the adrenal gland of the mouse to form steroids in vitro, using incubation techniques with [4-14C]progesterone, was investigated. Reasons are given for the identification of two oestrogens, 16-oxooestrone and 17-epioestriol and two adrenocorticosteroids, corticosterone and 20α-hydroxycorticosterone. The presence or absence of the X zone did not appear to influence the relative amounts of oestrogens and adrenocorticosteroids produced. No compounds which could be unequivocally characterized as androgens (C19 steroids) were found.

Formation of releasable γ-aminobutyrate from putrescine by rat adrenal slices in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Oon ◽  
P. R. Scraggs ◽  
B. Gillham
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Rat adrenal gland slices, when incubated in vitro with [1,4-14C]putrescine, accumulate the radioactive diamine and convert it, in part, to a compound indistinguishable (in four separative systems) from [14C]γ-aminobutyrate (GABA). Adrenal glands taken from animals that had undergone adrenal enucleation 28 days previously, so that the cortex of the tissue had regenerated, likewise formed [14C]GABA from [1,4-14C]putrescine. Putrescine-derived GABA was released from adrenal slices in vitro by 48 mmol K+/l, the release being dependent upon the presence of Ca2+ in the incubation medium. ACTH(1–24) and 8-bromocyclic AMP both provoked a dose-related release of putrescine-derived GABA, although the dose–response curve for the latter differed somewhat from that for the release of corticosterone by this secretogogue. The enzyme believed to be responsible for the first step in the metabolic transformation of putrescine into GABA, diamine oxidase (DAO), is present in extracts of adrenal tissue and its catalytic activity underwent a transient increase followed by a fall below resting levels upon stimulation of adrenal slices with ACTH(1–24). The conclusion that this enzyme initiates the formation of GABA by this pathway is indicated by the observation that adrenal slices pretreated with the DAO inhibitor, aminoguanidine, released significantly less [1,4-14C]putrescine-derived GABA in response to 48 mmol K+/l than did control tissues. The functional significance of these findings remains to be established. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 123, 227–232

Adrenocortical function in rats chronically exposed to high altitude

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Ou ◽  
S. M. Tenney
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Simulated Altitude

In rats exposed to a simulated altitude of 5,486 m for 3 mo, pituitary and adrenal glands hypertrophied and plasma levels of corticosterone increased more than threefold over sea-level controls. The in vitro rates of corticosterone production by the quartered adrenal gland were significantly enhanced, but the responsiveness of the adrenal gland to ACTH remained normal.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXISTENCE OF REGULATORY MECHANISMS AT THE ADRENAL LEVEL

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-757
Author(s):  
Otto Linèt
Keyword(s):  
Orotic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Free Media

ABSTRACT Rat adrenal glands atrophied by the administration of cortisol acetate in vivo were used as a model for the study of early metabolic processes occurring in vitro. Atrophied adrenals incubated in the presence of 14C-leucine incorporated subnormal quantities of this amino acid per mg of protein for the first 120 min. When the incubation lasted for a total period of 180 or 240 min a supranormal rise in the 14C-leucine incorporation was observed. Similar changes occurred with some delay with regard to corticosterone production as expressed per 100 mg of tissue. No differences in 14C-leucine incorporation were observed between the control and atrophied adrenals in vivo. Homogenates from atrophied glands incorporated 14C-leucine to a greater extent than the control homogenates. The in vitro incorporation of 14C-orotic acid into the RNA was also higher in atrophied adrenals. The in vitro use of actinomycin D, cycloheximide and amphenone indicated that corticosterone production depended on the incorporation of 14C-leucine. The addition of cortisol to the incubation media markedly decreased the enhancement of 14C-lysine incorporation into the protein of atrophied adrenals. These, as well as additional results suggest rebound phenomena: once atrophic adrenals are transferred to cortisol-free media, reparative processes begin after a delay period. Such phenomena seem to be mediated by regulatory mechanisms at the adrenal level.

Protective Effect of Hypericum perforatum L. Extract on Hexavalent Chromium Induced Toxicity in Rat Adrenal Gland

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2014-2017
Author(s):  
Jelena Savici ◽  
Oana Maria Boldura ◽  
Cornel Balta ◽  
Diana Brezovan ◽  
Florin Muselin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum L ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis

This study was carried out to test the possibility of hexavalent chromium administration through drinking water to induce the structural damage in rat�s adrenal glands and the possibility of Hypericum perforatum extract to faith against chromium aggression. Chromium induced cellular stress was determined by the expression level assessment of the Bcl2 genes family, known to modulate the apoptotic pathway. Obtained results showed that exposure to chromium altered adrenal glands morphology, by induction of apoptosis. When Hypericum perforatum extract was administered expression level of Bcl2 genes and histological lesions in adrenal glands were significantly reduced.

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