scholarly journals The fate of benzoic acid in various species

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Bridges ◽  
M. R. French ◽  
R. L. Smith ◽  
R. T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Fruit Bat

1. The urinary excretion of orally administered [14C]benzoic acid in man and 20 other species of animal was examined. 2. At a dose of 50mg/kg, benzoic acid was excreted by the rodents (rat, mouse, guinea pig, golden hamster, steppe lemming and gerbil), the rabbit, the cat and the capuchin monkey almost entirely as hippuric acid (95–100% of 24h excretion). 3. In man at a dose of 1mg/kg and the rhesus monkey at 20mg/kg benzoic acid was excreted entirely as hippuric acid. 4. At 50mg/kg benzoic acid was excreted as hippuric acid to the extent of about 80% of the 24h excretion in the squirrel monkey, pig, dog, ferret, hedgehog and pigeon, the other 20% being found as benzoyl glucuronide and benzoic acid, the latter possibly arising by decomposition of the former. 5. On increasing the dose of benzoic acid to 200mg/kg in the ferret, the proportion of benzoyl glucuronide excreted increased and that of hippuric acid decreased. This did not occur in the rabbit, which excreted 200mg/kg almost entirely as hippuric acid. It appears that the hedgehog and ferret are like the dog in respect to their metabolism of benzoic acid. 6. The Indian fruit bat produced only traces of hippuric acid and possibly has a defect in the glycine conjugation of benzoic acid. The main metabolite in this animal (dose 50mg/kg) was benzoyl glucuronide. 7. The chicken, side-necked turtle and gecko converted benzoic acid mainly into ornithuric acid, but all three species also excreted smaller amounts of hippuric acid.

scholarly journals Biliary excretion in foreign compounds. Species difference in biliary excretion

1967 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1289-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Abou-el-Makarem ◽  
P Millburn ◽  
R L Smith ◽  
R T Williams
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Biliary Excretion ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Molecular Weights

1. The biliary excretion of injected [14C]aniline, [14C]benzoic acid, 4-amino-hippuric acid and 4-acetamidohippuric acid in six or eight species of animal (rat, dog, hen, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rhesus monkey and sheep) was studied. 2. These compounds, with molecular weights in the range 93–236, are poorly excreted in the bile in all the species examined and, in effect, there is little significant species difference in the extent of their biliary excretion. 3. Compounds of higher molecular weight (355–495) were also studied, namely succinylsulphathiazole, [14C]stilboestrol glucuronide, sulphadimethoxine N1-glucuronide and phenolphthalein glucuronide. 4. With these compounds a clear species difference in the extent of biliary excretion was found, the rat, dog and hen being good excretors, the rabbit, guinea pig and monkey poor excretors, and the cat and sheep taking an intermediary position. 5. There was a general trend for biliary excretion to be higher in all species when the compounds were of higher molecular weight. 6. These results are discussed in their relation to species differences in drug metabolism.

scholarly journals Excretion of benzoic acid derivatives in urine of sheep given intraruminal infusions of 3-phenylpropionic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Pagella ◽  
X. B. Chen ◽  
N. A. Macleod ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
P. J. S. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urinary Recovery ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Benzoic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Glycine Conjugate

The quantitative relationship between the urinary excretion of benzoic acid (BA)and the uptake of 3-phenylpropionic (PPA) and cyclohexanecarboxylic (CHCA) acids was assessed.PPA and CHCA are produced in the rumen by microbial fermentation of lignocellulosic feeds and metabolized, after absorption, to BA which is excreted in the urine mainly as its glycine conjugate hippuric acid (HA). Four sheep nourished by intragastric infusions of all nutrients weregiven continuous ruminal infusions of PPA (8,16 or 24 mmol/d) either alone or with CHCA (8 or 16 mmol/d) in a factorial experiment. The treatments were allocated to ten consecutive 6 d periods, with a control being repeated at periods 1, 5 and 10. PPA and CHCA ruminal absorption rates, estimated using the liquid-phase marker Cr-EDTA, were 0·78 (SD 0·29)/h and 0·88 (SD 0·28)/h respectively. For the control, HA excretion was only 0·22 (SD 0·33) mmol/d and free BA was absent. For the other treatments, both HA and free BA were present and HA accounted for 0·85 (SD 0·05) of total BA. The urinary excretion of total BA showed a significant linear correlation (r = 0·997, P<0·001) with the amounts of PPA and CHCA infused. The urinary recovery of infused PPA and CHCA as total BA was 0·79 (SE 0·01). Faecal excretion of BA and its precursors was negligible. Results of this study show that urinary total BA is a potential estimator of the absorption of PPA + CHCA produced in the rumen

scholarly journals The fate of sulphadimethoxine in primates compared with other species

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Adamson ◽  
J. W. Bridges ◽  
M. R. Kibby ◽  
S. R. Walker ◽  
R. T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Major Metabolite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Slow Loris ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Minor Metabolite ◽  
A Minor

1. The metabolism of sulphadimethoxine (2,4-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine) was examined in nine species of primates and nine species of non-primates. 2. The main metabolite of the drug in the urine in man, rhesus monkey, baboon, squirrel monkey, capuchin, bushbaby, slow loris and tree shrew was sulphadimethoxine N1-glucuronide. In the green monkey, although the main metabolite was N4-acetylsulphadimethoxine, the N1-glucuronide was also a major metabolite. 3. In the dog, rat, mouse, guinea pig, Indian fruit bat and hen the N1-glucuronide was a minor metabolite in the urine, whereas in the cat, ferret and rabbit this glucuronide was not found in the urine. 4. All the species examined except the dog excreted some N4-acetylsulphadimethoxine, which was the major metabolite in the green monkey, rabbit and guinea pig. 5. In the tree shrew, a doubtful primate, N1-glucuronide formation was similar to that in the other primates. 6. It is suggested that the slow excretion of the drug by the rat may be due partly to strong binding of the drug to tissue proteins and that the strength of binding may vary with species. 7. In the rat the amount of N1-glucuronide found in the urine is not a true indication of the extent of this conjugation since much more of the conjugate was found in the bile (7% of the dose) than in the urine (1%). In the rabbit, no N1-glucuronide was found in the bile or urine, but a small amount of sulphadimethoxine N4-glucuronide was found in the bile of the rat (0.5% of dose) and rabbit (0.8%).

scholarly journals The metabolic fate of amphetamine in man and other species

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Dring ◽  
R. L. Smith ◽  
R. T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Methyl Ketone ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Unchanged Drug ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Acid Labile

1. The fate of [14C]amphetamine in man, rhesus monkey, greyhound, rat, rabbit, mouse and guinea pig has been studied. 2. In three men receiving orally 5mg each (about 0.07mg/kg), about 90% of the 14C was excreted in the urine in 3–4 days. About 60–65% of the 14C was excreted in 1 day, 30% as unchanged drug, 21% as total benzoic acid and 3% as 4-hydroxyamphetamine. 3. In two rhesus monkeys (dose 0.66mg/kg), the metabolites excreted in 24h were similar to those in man except that there was little 4-hydroxyamphetamine. 4. In greyhounds receiving 5mg/kg intraperitoneally the metabolites were similar in amount to those in man. 5. Rabbits receiving 10mg/kg orally differed from all other species. They excreted little unchanged amphetamine (4% of dose) and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (6%). They excreted in 24h mainly benzoic acid (total 25%), an acid-labile precursor of 1-phenylpropan-2-one (benzyl methyl ketone) (22%) and conjugated 1-phenylpropan-2-ol (benzylmethylcarbinol) (7%). 6. Rats receiving 10mg/kg orally also differed from other species. The main metabolite (60% of dose) was conjugated 4-hydroxyamphetamine. Minor metabolites were amphetamine (13%), N-acetylamphetamine (2%), norephedrine (0.3%) and 4-hydroxynorephedrine (0.3%). 7. The guinea pig receiving 5mg/kg excreted only benzoic acid and its conjugates (62%) and amphetamine (22%). 8. The mouse receiving 10mg/kg excreted amphetamine (33%), 4-hydroxyamphetamine (14%) and benzoic acid and its conjugates (31%). 9. Experiments on the precursor of 1-phenylpropan-2-one occurring in rabbit urine suggest that it might be the enol sulphate of the ketone. A very small amount of the ketone (1–3%) was also found in human and greyhound urine after acid hydrolysis.

Application of an LC-MS/MS Method to a Urinary Excretion Study of Triflusal and its Main Metabolite 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl Benzoic Acid in Human Urine

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-334
Author(s):  
Jie Ge ◽  
Jin-Wen Wang ◽  
Qi-Yan Guo ◽  
Ai-Dong Wen
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Excretion Study ◽  
Acetate Aqueous Solution

Objective: A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LCMS/ MS) was established to simultaneously determine the concentration of triflusal and its main metabolite 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid(HTB) in human urine. Methods: The separation was performed on a Dikma C18 column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile-4 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.3 % formic acid water (78: 28, V/V). The method involved extraction with methanol using protein precipitation. The precursor-toproduct ion transitions with multiple reaction monitoring was m/z 247.1→161.1, 204.8→106.7and 136.9→93.0 for triflusal, HTB and salicylic acid(IS), respectively. The method showed good linear relationships over the ranges of 0.08 to 48 μg/mL and0.5 to 50 μg/mL. Results: It was the first time that a urinary excretion study of triflusal capsule as oral. The cumulative urinary recovery showed 8.5% and 2.7% for triflusal and HTB, respectively. Conclusion: This method was successfully used for evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of triflusal and HTB in urine in Chinese healthy subjects.

Acomparative study of Lipomatosis in the Salivary Glands of Mammals with special reference to the Echindna.

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
R Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Complete Transformation

The occurrence, site, and morphology of lipomatic changes in the salivary glands of the pig, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, goat, rhesus monkey, guinea pig, bandicoot, rabbit, and the echidna were investigated, special attention being given to the glands of the echidna. The areal, tubular, acinar, marginal, central, interlobular, peritubular, paratrabecular, and capsular accumulations were described. It was concluded that lipomatic changes in the salivary glands are of two distinctly different types, one being the formation of fatty cells from the cells of the connective tissue and the other being the partial or complete transformation of the glandular cells into fatty cells.

scholarly journals Reduced Formation of Hippuric Acid After Oral Benzoic Acid in Friedreich’s Ataxia

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
A. Barbeau ◽  
R. Bouchard ◽  
T. Cloutier ◽  
J.P. Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Friedreich’S Ataxia ◽  
Friedreich's Ataxia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY:We have observed a markedly decreased formation of hippuric acid after benzoic acid load in patients with typical Friedreich’s Ataxia compared to normal control subjects. Since there is evidence for normal or even enhanced tauro-conjugation in the bile of patients with this disease, with a decreased G/T ratio, it is unlikely that co-factor or enzyme concentrations are the cause of this defect. We postulate decreased availability of the enzyme for glycine conjugation either to bile acids in the usual situation or to benzoic acid in the artefactual test condition. This could be due to the enzyme’s preference for an increased amount of taurine substrate in the liver. The relationship of this observation to the other biochemical changes observed in Friedreich’s Ataxia must still be established.

Urinary excretion of benzoic acid and hippuric acid in sheep given ruminal infusion of 3-phenylpropionic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
J.H. Pagella ◽  
X.B. Chen ◽  
N.A. MacLeod ◽  
E.R. Ãrskov
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Glycine Conjugate ◽  
Microbial Action

Microbial fermentation of lignoceluUosic feeds in the rumen produces 3-phenylpropionic (PPA) and cyclohexanecarboxylic (CHCA) acids. Feed phenolic cinnamic acids are regarded as the main precursors of PPA upon microbial action (Martin 1982b). CHCA can be produced by microbial metabolism of dietary alicyclic compounds such as quinic and shikimic acids (Balba and Evans, 1977; Martin, 1982a). Following absorption CHCA and PPA are subjected to metabolism mainly in the liver yielding benzoic acid (BA) which is extensively excreted in urine mainly as its glycine conjugate hippuric acid (HA). The aim of this work was to assess the quantitative relationship between the urinary excretion of total BA (free BA + HA) and the uptake of PPA and CHCA.

Urinary excretion of benzoic acid and hippuric acid in sheep given ruminal infusion of 3-phenylpropionic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
J.H. Pagella ◽  
X.B. Chen ◽  
N.A. MacLeod ◽  
E.R. Ãrskov
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Glycine Conjugate ◽  
Microbial Action

Microbial fermentation of lignoceluUosic feeds in the rumen produces 3-phenylpropionic (PPA) and cyclohexanecarboxylic (CHCA) acids. Feed phenolic cinnamic acids are regarded as the main precursors of PPA upon microbial action (Martin 1982b). CHCA can be produced by microbial metabolism of dietary alicyclic compounds such as quinic and shikimic acids (Balba and Evans, 1977; Martin, 1982a). Following absorption CHCA and PPA are subjected to metabolism mainly in the liver yielding benzoic acid (BA) which is extensively excreted in urine mainly as its glycine conjugate hippuric acid (HA). The aim of this work was to assess the quantitative relationship between the urinary excretion of total BA (free BA + HA) and the uptake of PPA and CHCA.

scholarly journals The urinary excretion of aromatic acids by starved sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Light Petroleum ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Exogenous Origin ◽  
Almost All

1. Four wether sheep were maintained on a diet of hay for 2 weeks and then starved for a period of 4 days.2. Immediately before and during starvation the urinary excretion in the following fractions was determined: hippuric acid, creatinine, total diethyl ether-soluble acids of hydrolysed and unhydrolysed urine, total aromatic acids in hydrolysed and unhydrolysed urine and the proportion of the former present as benzoic and phenylacetic acids.3. A method for determining the benzoic acid content of light petroleum extracts of urine has been developed and is described.4. Starvation had little effect on the urinary excretion of phenylacetic acid or creatinine, but during the first 2 days of starvation there were large decreases in the excretion of all the other urinary fractions studied.5. Of the fractions examined, 43% of the diethyl ether-soluble acids of hydrolysed urine and 42% of those of unhydrolysed urine were of exogenous origin; 76% of the total urinary aromatic acids were of exogenous origin. Partition of the aromatic acids in the urine of two of the four sheep indicated that the reduction in aromatic acid excretion on starvation was completely accounted for by the decline in benzoic acid output. Almost all the hippuric acid (97%) was of exogenous origin.6. These results have been compared with the urinary output of aromatic acids by nonruminants when fasted, and possible reasons for the relatively large amounts of phenylacetic acid found in the urine of starved sheep have been discussed.

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