scholarly journals Control of the tricarboxylate cycle and its interactions with glycolysis during acetate utilization in rat heart

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Randle ◽  
P. J. England ◽  
R. M. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Acetate Oxidation ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Acetate Utilization ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Tricarboxylate Cycle

1. Transient and steady-state changes caused by acetate utilization were studied in perfused rat heart. The transient period occupied 6min and steady-state changes were followed in a further 6min of perfusion. 2. In control perfusions glucose oxidation accounted for 75% of oxygen utilization; the remaining 25% was assumed to represent oxidation of glyceride fatty acids. With acetate in the steady state, acetate oxidation accounted for 80% of oxygen utilization, which increased by 20%; glucose oxidation was almost totally suppressed. The rate of tricarboxylate-cycle turnover increased by 67% with acetate perfusion. The net yield of ATP in the steady state was not altered by acetate. 3. Acetate oxidation increased muscle concentrations of acetyl-CoA, citrate, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate, alanine, AMP and glucose 6-phosphate, and lowered those of CoA and aspartate; the concentrations of pyruvate, ATP and ADP showed no detectable change. The times for maximum changes were 1min, acetyl-CoA, CoA, alanine and AMP; 6min, citrate, isocitrate, glutamate and aspartate; 2–4min, 2-oxoglutarate. Malate concentration fell in the first minute and rose to a value somewhat greater than in the control by 6min. There was a transient and rapid rise in glucose 6-phosphate concentration in the first minute superimposed on the slower rise over 6min. 4. Acetate perfusion decreased the output of lactate, the muscle concentration of lactate and the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in perfusion medium and muscle in the first minute; these returned to control values by 6min. 5. During the first minute acetate decreased oxygen consumption and lowered the net yield of ATP by 30% without any significant change in muscle ATP or ADP concentrations. 6. The specific radioactivities of cycle metabolites were measured during and after a 1min pulse of [1-14C]acetate delivered in the first and twelfth minutes of acetate perfusion. A model based on the known flow rates and concentrations of cycle metabolites was analysed by computer simulation. The model, which assumed single pools of cycle metabolites, fitted the data well with the inclusion of an isotope-exchange reaction between isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate+bicarbonate. The exchange was verified by perfusions with [14C]bicarbonate. There was no evidence for isotope exchange between citrate and acetyl-CoA or between 2-oxoglutarate and malate. There was rapid isotope equilibration between 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate, but relatively poor isotope equilibration between malate and aspartate. 7. It is concluded that the citrate synthase reaction is displaced from equilibrium in rat heart, that isocitrate dehydrogenase and aconitate hydratase may approximate to equilibrium, that alanine aminotransferase is close to equilibrium, but that aspartate transamination is slow for reasons that have yet to be investigated. 8. The slow rise in citrate concentration as compared with the rapid rise in that of acetyl-CoA is attributed to the slow generation of oxaloacetate by aspartate aminotransferase. 9. It is proposed that the tricarboxylate cycle may operate as two spans: acetyl-CoA→2-oxoglutarate, controlled by citrate synthase, and 2-oxoglutarate→oxaloacetate, controlled by 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; a scheme for cycle control during acetate oxidation is outlined. The initiating factors are considered to be changes in acetyl-CoA, CoA and AMP concentrations brought about by acetyl-CoA synthetase. 10. Evidence is presented for a transient inhibition of phosphofructokinase during the first minute of acetate perfusion that was not due to a rise in whole-tissue citrate concentration. The probable importance of metabolite compartmentation is stressed.

scholarly journals The control of tricarboxylate-cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of coenzyme A, acetyl-coenzyme A and succinyl-coenzyme A in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria

1974 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Hansford
Keyword(s):  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Tricarboxylate Cycle

(1) A ‘cycling’ method involving citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was modified by the inclusion of succinyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.5) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) to permit the determination of very small amounts of succinyl-CoA in addition to CoA and acetyl-CoA. (2) Application of this technique to blowfly (Phormia regina) flight-muscle extracts reveals no change in acetyl-CoA concentration, a slight fall in CoA concentration and a rise in succinyl-CoA concentration during flight. (3) Extraction of isolated mitochondria during controlled (state 4) pyruvate oxidation reveals essentially only acetyl-CoA. Activation of respiration by ADP (state 3) or uncoupling agents leads to a fall in acetyl-CoA and a rise in CoA and succinyl-CoA content. (4) The presence of glycerol phosphate in addition to pyruvate results in a lower acetyl-CoA content in state 4. (5) It is contended that these results are consistent with a primary control of one of the reactions of the tricarboxylate cycle, rather than of pyruvate dehydrogenase, during the state 4 oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria, and that the modulation of citrate synthase activity by the ratio of acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA is unimportant under these conditions.

scholarly journals The effects of increased heart work on the tricarboxylate cycle and its interactions with glycolysis in the perfused rat heart

1972 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Neely ◽  
R. M. Denton ◽  
P. J. England ◽  
P. J. Randle
Keyword(s):  
Rat Heart ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Cardiac Work ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Perfused Rat Heart ◽  
Langendorff Preparation ◽  
Pyruvate Oxidation ◽  
Tricarboxylate Cycle

1. The work of the perfused rat heart was acutely increased by raising the aortic pressure in the Langendorff preparation from 50 to 120mmHg; within 1 min in perfusions with media containing glucose or glucose+acetate, rates of oxygen consumption and tricarboxylate-cycle turnover increased 2.5-fold, glycolysis rate doubled and oxidation of triglyceride fatty acid was strikingly enhanced. 2. Increased cardiac work had no significant effects on the heart concentrations of creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP or 5′-AMP. The only significant changes in tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates were a decrease in malate in perfusions with glucose and decreases in acetyl-CoA and citrate and an increase in aspartate in perfusions with glucose+acetate. 3. Measurements of intracellular concentrations of hexose phosphates, glucose and glycogen indicated that work accelerated glycolysis by activation of phosphofructokinase and subsequently hexokinase; the activation could not be accounted for by changes in the known effectors of phosphofructokinase. 4. Acetate at either perfusion pressure increased heart concentrations of acetyl-CoA, citrate, glutamate and malate and decreased that of aspartate; acetate increased tricarboxylate-cycle turnover by 50–60% and inhibited glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. 5. In view of the markedly different effects of acetate and of cardiac work on the concentrations of cycle intermediates the changes that accompany acetate utilization may be specifically concerned with the regulatory functions of the cycle in control of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation and not with the associated increase in cycle turnover. It is suggested that the concentrations of key metabolites controlling the rate of cycle turnover may fluctuate with each heart beat and that this may explain why no significant changes (for example, in adenine nucleotide concentrations) have been detected with increased work in the present study.

scholarly journals Analysis of the mechanism of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase by steady-state kinetics. Evidence for a ternary-complex mechanism

1984 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Kleanthous ◽  
W V Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Ternary Complex ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Kinetic Measurements ◽  
Chloramphenicol Resistance ◽  
Rapid Equilibrium

The mechanism of the enzymic reaction responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria was examined by steady-state kinetic methods. The forward reaction catalysed by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase leads to inactivation of the antibiotic. Use of alternative acyl donors and acceptors, as well as the natural substrates, has yielded data that favour the view that the reaction proceeds to the formation of a ternary complex by a rapid-equilibrium mechanism wherein the addition of substrates may be random but a preference for acetyl-CoA as the leading substrate can be detected. Chloramphenicol and acetyl-CoA bind independently, but the correlation between directly determined and kinetically derived dissociation constants is imperfect because of an unreliable slope term in the rate equation. The reverse reaction, yielding acetyl-CoA and chloramphenicol, was studied in a coupled assay involving citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase, and is best described by a rapid-equilibrium mechanism with random addition of substrates. The directly determined dissociation constant for CoA is in agreement with that derived from kinetic measurements under the assumption of an independent-sites model.

Acetyl-CoA is produced by the citrate synthase homology module of ATP-citrate lyase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Verstraete ◽  
Koen H. G. Verschueren ◽  
Ann Dansercoer ◽  
Savvas N. Savvides
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Homology Module

Spectral analysis of cytochromes in rat heart myocytes: Transient and steady-state photodiode array spectrophotometry measurements

1992 ◽  
Vol 299 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Sarti ◽  
Giovanni Antonini ◽  
Francesco Malatesta ◽  
Emilio D'Itri ◽  
Maurizio Brunori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
Rat Heart Myocytes ◽  
Transient And Steady State

Gluconeogenesis from labeled carbon: estimating isotope dilution

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. E296-E305 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
The Tca Cycle ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Mathematical Techniques

To estimate the rate of gluconeogenesis from steady-state incorporation of labeled 3-carbon precursors into glucose, isotope dilution must be considered so that the rate of labeling of glucose can be quantitatively converted to the rate of gluconeogenesis. An expression for the value of this isotope dilution can be derived using mathematical techniques and a model of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The present investigation employs a more complex model than that used in previous studies. This model includes the following pathways that may affect the correction for isotope dilution: 1) flux of 3-carbon precursor to the oxaloacetate pool via acetyl-CoA and the TCA cycle; 2) flux of 4- or 5-carbon compounds into the TCA cycle; 3) reversible flux between oxaloacetate (OAA) and pyruvate and between OAA and fumarate; 4) incomplete equilibrium between OAA pools; and 5) isotope dilution of 3-carbon tracers between the experimentally measured pool and the precursor for the TCA-cycle OAA pool. Experimental tests are outlined which investigators can use to determine whether these pathways are significant in a specific steady-state system. The study indicated that flux through these five pathways can significantly affect the correction for isotope dilution. To correct for the effects of these pathways an alternative method for calculating isotope dilution is proposed using citrate to relate the specific activities of acetyl-CoA and OAA.

scholarly journals Association of the malate dehydrogenase-citrate synthase metabolon is modulated by intermediates of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Omini ◽  
Izabela Wojciechowska ◽  
Aleksandra Skirycz ◽  
Hideaki Moriyama ◽  
Toshihiro Obata
Keyword(s):  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Complex ◽  
Acetyl Coa

Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH)-citrate synthase (CS) multi-enzyme complex is a part of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 'metabolon' which is enzyme machinery catalyzing sequential reactions without diffusion of reaction intermediates into a bulk matrix. This complex is assumed to be a dynamic structure involved in the regulation of the cycle by enhancing metabolic flux. Microscale Thermophoresis analysis of the porcine heart MDH-CS complex revealed that substrates of the MDH and CS reactions, NAD+ and acetyl-CoA, enhance complex association while products of the reactions, NADH and citrate, weaken the affinity of the complex. Oxaloacetate enhanced the interaction only when it was presented together with acetyl-CoA. Structural modeling using published CS structures suggested that the binding of these substrates can stabilize the closed format of CS which favors the MDH-CS association. Two other TCA cycle intermediates, ATP, and low pH also enhanced the association of the complex. These results suggest that dynamic formation of the MDH-CS multi-enzyme complex is modulated by metabolic factors responding to respiratory metabolism, and it may function in the feedback regulation of the cycle and adjacent metabolic pathways.

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