scholarly journals The C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Identification of intermediates and products and quantitative evidence for the route of carbon flow

1969 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary S. Johnson ◽  
M. D. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Main Flow ◽  
Carbon Flow ◽  
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Acid Pathway

1. When leaves with the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis are exposed to 14CO2 the major labelled compounds formed, in order of labelling, are dicarboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, bexose phosphates and sucrose. During the present studies several quantitatively minor intermediates were identified and their labelling behaviour is described. 2. The pattern of labelling of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate and ribulose di- and mono-phosphates during radiotracer pulse–chase experiments was consistent with their operation as intermediates in the pathway of carbon dioxide fixation. 3. Serine, glycine, alanine and glutamate had labelling patterns typical of products secondary to the main flow of carbon. 4. The mechanism of the transfer of label from C-4 of dicarboxylic acids to C-1 of 3-phosphoglycerate was also examined. Evidence consistent with pyruvate being derived from C-1, C-2 and C-3 of oxaloacetate, and for a relationship between ribulose 1,5-diphosphate and the acceptor for the C-4 carboxyl group, was obtained. 5. Evidence is provided that, under steady-state conditions, essentially all the label incorporated from 14CO2 into C-1 of 3 phosphoglycerate enters via C-4 of the dicarboxylic acids. These and other studies indicated that the route via dicarboxylic acids is essentially the sole route for entry of carbon into 3-phosphoglycerate.

scholarly journals Distribution of enzymes in mesophyll and parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts of maize leaves in relation to the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis

1969 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Slack ◽  
M. D. Hatch ◽  
D. J. Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate ◽  
Glycerate Kinase ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Fractionation Pattern ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Acid Pathway

1. Mesophyll and parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts of maize leaves were separated by density fractionation in non-aqueous media. 2. An investigation of the distribution of photosynthetic enzymes indicated that the mesophyll chloroplasts probably contain the entire leaf complement of pyruvate,Pi dikinase, NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase, glycerate kinase and nitrite reductase and most of the adenylate kinase and pyrophosphatase. The fractionation pattern of phosphopyruvate carboxylase suggested that this enzyme may be associated with the bounding membrane of mesophyll chloroplasts. 3. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, ribose phosphate isomerase, phosphoribulokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, alkaline fructose diphosphatase and NADP-specific ‘malic’ enzyme appear to be wholly localized in the parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts. Phosphoglycerate kinase and NADP-specific glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, on the other hand, are distributed approximately equally between the two types of chloroplast. 4. After exposure of illuminated leaves to 14CO2 for 25sec., labelled malate, aspartate and 3-phosphoglycerate had similar fractionation patterns, and a large proportion of each was isolated with mesophyll chloroplasts. Labelled fructose phosphates and ribulose phosphates were mainly isolated in fractions containing parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate had a fractionation pattern intermediate between those of C4 dicarboxylic acids and sugar phosphates. 6. These results indicate that the mesophyll and parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts have a co-operative function in the operation of the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway. Possible routes for the transfer of carbon from C4 dicarboxylic acids to sugars are discussed.

scholarly journals Choice between autotrophy and heterotrophy in Pseudomonas oxalaticus. Utilization of oxalate by cells after adaptation from growth on formate to growth on oxalate

1968 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A. Blackmore ◽  
J. R. Quayle ◽  
I O Walker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fixation ◽  
Labelling Pattern ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
14Co2 Fixation ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Autotrophic Metabolism

1. The labelling patterns of phosphoglycerate obtained from formate-grown or oxalate-grown Pseudomonas oxalaticus after exposure for 15sec. to [14C]formate or [14C]oxalate respectively were determined. 2. The phosphoglycerate obtained from the formate-grown cells contained 78% of the radioactivity in the carboxyl group. This is in accord with that predicted for operation of the ribulose diphosphate cycle of carbon dioxide fixation. 3. The labelling pattern of the phosphoglycerate obtained from the oxalate-grown cells approached uniformity, as predicted for the heterotrophic pathway of oxalate assimilation. The departure from complete uniformity may have been due to concurrent 14CO2 fixation into C4 dicarboxylic acids. 4. The labelling pattern of phosphoglycerate obtained from cells that had just started to grow on oxalate after adaptation from formate was determined after incubation of the cells for 15sec. with [14C]oxalate. This pattern approached uniformity. 5. The pathway of incorporation of 14CO2 into cells that had just started to grow on oxalate after adaptation from formate, in the presence of either formate or oxalate as energy source, was studied by chromatographic and radio-autographic analysis. 6. It is concluded from the isotopic data that a mixed heterotrophic–autotrophic metabolism, with the former mode predominating, operates in the initial stages of growth on oxalate after adaptation from growth on formate.

scholarly journals The C4-pathway of photosynthesis. Evidence for an intermediate pool of carbon dioxide and the identity of the donor C4-dicarboxylic acid

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Ribulose Diphosphate Carboxylase

1. Leaves were exposed to 14CO2 under steady-state conditions for photosynthesis. The kinetics of entry or loss of label in pools of CO2 and other compounds was examined during the period of the pulse and a ‘chase’ with 12CO2. 2. With maize the kinetics of labelling of the major CO2 pool and of depletion of label during a ‘chase’ was consistent with this pool being derived from the C-4 of malate and being the precursor of the C-1 of 3-phosphoglycerate. 3. Similar results were obtained for Amaranthus leaves except that the C-4 of aspartate rather than malate was apparently the primary source of CO2. 4. The size and turnover time of the CO2 and C4 acid pools was calculated. These results provided the basis for estimating the concentration of CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells or chloroplasts assuming the pool was largely restricted to one or other of these compartments. 5. These findings are considered in relation to current schemes for the C4-pathway and the operation of a CO2 concentrating mechanism to serve ribulose diphosphate carboxylase.

IR and 13C, 17O, and 119Sn NMR spectra of some bis(1-butyl)tin(IV) carboxylates of dicarboxylic acids

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1908-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holeček ◽  
Antonín Lyčka ◽  
Milan Nádvorník ◽  
Karel Handlíř
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
119Sn Nmr ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
Cyclic Oligomers ◽  
The Media ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

Infrared spectroscopy and multinuclear (13C, 17O, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy have been used to study the structure of bis(1-butyl)tin(IV) carboxylates of dicarboxylic acids (1-C4H9)2. Sn(X(COO)2), where X = (CH2)n (n = 0-8), CH=CH (cis and trans) and C6H4 (ortho and para).The crystalline compounds are formed by linear or cyclic oligomers or polymers whose basic building units represent a grouping composed of the central tin atom substituted by two 1-butyl groups and coordinated with both oxygen atoms of two anisobidentate carboxylic groups derived from different molecules of a dicarboxylic acid. The environment of the tin atom has a shape of a trapezoidal bipyramid. When dissolvet in non-coordinating solvents, the compounds retain the oligomeric character with unchanged structure of environment of the central tin atom. In the media of coordinating solvents the bis(1-butyl)tin(IV) carboxylates of dicarboxylic acids form complexes whose central hexacoordinated tin atom binds two molecules of the solvent trough their donor atoms. Carboxylic groups form monodenate linkages in these complexes.

scholarly journals Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: consequences of an inherited mutation at mRNA, protein and metabolic levels

2005 ◽  
Vol 392 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Oláh ◽  
Ferenc Orosz ◽  
László G. Puskás ◽  
László Hackler ◽  
Margit Horányi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate ◽  
Peptidase Activity ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Regulatory Enzymes ◽  
Computational Data ◽  
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency is a unique glycolytic enzymopathy coupled with neurodegeneration. Two Hungarian compound heterozygote brothers inherited the same TPI mutations (F240L and E145Stop), but only the younger one suffers from neurodegeneration. In the present study, we determined the kinetic parameters of key glycolytic enzymes including the mutant TPI for rational modelling of erythrocyte glycolysis. We found that a low TPI activity in the mutant cells (lower than predicted from the protein level and specific activity of the purified recombinant enzyme) is coupled with an increase in the activities of glycolytic kinases. The modelling rendered it possible to establish the steady-state flux of the glycolysis and metabolite concentrations, which was not possible experimentally due to the inactivation of the mutant TPI and other enzymes during the pre-steady state. Our results showed that the flux was 2.5-fold higher and the concentration of DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate increased 40- and 5-fold respectively in the erythrocytes of the patient compared with the control. Although the rapid equilibration of triosephosphates is not achieved, the energy state of the cells is not ‘sick’ due to the activation of key regulatory enzymes. In lymphocytes of the two brothers, the TPI activity was also lower (20%) than that of controls; however, the remaining activity was high enough to maintain the rapid equilibration of triosephosphates; consequently, no accumulation of DHAP occurs, as judged by our experimental and computational data. Interestingly, we found significant differences in the mRNA levels of the brothers for TPI and some other, apparently unrelated, proteins. One of them is the prolyl oligopeptidase, the activity decrease of which has been reported in well-characterized neurodegenerative diseases. We found that the peptidase activity of the affected brother was reduced by 30% compared with that of his neurologically intact brother.

Respiration in man during metabolic alkalosis

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Respiratory Compensation ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Oral Sodium ◽  
Ventilation Response

A steady state metabolic alkalosis was induced in two subjects over a period of several days utilizing oral sodium bicarbonate in dosages of 50 g/day. The purpose of inducing steady state metabolic alkalosis was to study the effects of such a state on the respiratory center responses to inspired gas mixtures, containing carbon dioxide, and to contrast these results with the control studies. The experiment was so designed that the arterial pH in both subjects tended to return toward normal in the presence of significant increases in blood bicarbonate. Repeated study of ventilation responses with room air and 4% and 6% carbon dioxide in inspired air revealed a definite and significant decrease in ventilation response to carbon dioxide during the periods of steady state alkalosis as compared to the control periods. Normal responses returned after some time lag. A consistent rise in paCOCO2 occurred with alkalosis, thus demonstrating respiratory compensation. In neither subject was total lung function or gas exchange affected by the alkalosis. The experiment was confirmed on several occasions with reproducible results. Note: (With the Research Assistance of Mary Di Lieto) Submitted on May 22, 1961

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