scholarly journals The emission of corrosive vapours by wood. Sweet-chestnut (Castanea sativa) and wychelm (Ulmus glabrau) O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylans extracted with dimethyl sulphoxide

1969 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Cochrane ◽  
J. D. Gray ◽  
P. C. Arni
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Phenyl Isocyanate ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Blocking Group ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Wych Elm ◽  
Structural Significance ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

1. O-Acetylated 4-O-methylglucuronoxylans were isolated from sweet chestnut and wych elm, either green or incubated at 48° and 100% relative humidity for 36 weeks. 2. The chlorine–ethanolamine method of delignification resulted in a 50% loss of O-acetyl groups from green wych elm compared with an 18% loss from green sweet chestnut. 3. The acid–chlorite method gave an acceptable loss of O-acetyl groups in three cases, but incubated sweet chestnut showed a 44·6% loss. However, it is believed that this is due to the loss of simple O-acetylated xylose sugars resulting from glycosidic hydrolysis, rather than removal of O-acetyl groups by direct hydrolysis. Assuming that this occurs in a random manner, it is unlikely to have much structural significance. 4. Dimethyl sulphoxide extraction of chestnut holocellulose and elm holocellulose, green and incubated, yielded O-acetyl glucuronoxylans containing 10·2, 3·8, 13·1 and 7·7% O-acetyl groups respectively. 5. The location of these O-acetyl groups was determined by Bouveng's method in which phenyl isocyanate is used as a blocking group.

scholarly journals The emission of corrosive vapours by wood. Hot - water - extracted O - acetylated hemicelluloses from sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and wych elm (Ulmus glabrau) and a discussion of O-acetyl-group changes occurring in these woods during incubation at 48° and 100% relative humidity

1969 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
G. C. Cochrane ◽  
J. D. Gray ◽  
P. C. Arni
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Green Wood ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Steric Factors ◽  
Acetyl Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wych Elm

1. O-Acetylated polysaccharides were obtained from green wood of both sweet chestnut and wych elm by treatment of the residue remaining after dimethyl sulphoxide extraction with water at 98°. This gives a mixture of polysaccharides containing xylose, galactose, glucose and uronic acids. Analysis of these and their fractionated products suggest that only xylans in green sweet chestnut and green wych elm are O-acetylated. 2. The isolated O-acetylated xylans are not representative of the total O-acetylated xylans occurring in sweet chestnut and wych elm. 3. Application of the method developed by Bouveng for the location of O-acetyl groups to all four O-acetylated xylans obtained in this series of investigations by dimethyl sulphoxide extraction showed that those from sweet chestnut and wych elm, under the same conditions of incubation, lost: 74·2 and 43·4% of acetyl groups respectively, at C-2; 58·0 and 28·5% of acetyl groups respectively at C-3; 41·8 and 82·2% of acetyl groups respectively at C-2 and C-3. 4. A consideration of electronic and steric factors indicates that there does not appear to be a purely chemical reason for the difference in loss of O-acetyl groups between sweet chestnut and wych elm. It is suggested that the location of O-acetylated xylans in the wood cell walls and the presence of extractive may play some part in this difference.

Monitoring natural stand change in the forest reserve of Liedekerke, Flanders (Belgium)

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Van den Meersschaut ◽  
B. De Cuyper ◽  
K. Vandekerkhove ◽  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Natural Stand ◽  
Sweet Chestnut

Natural  stand changes in the forest reserve of Liedekerke were analysed during the  period    1986-1996, using a permanent grid of circular plots. The monitoring  concentrated on natural    changes in species composition, using stem number and basal area as  indicators, and changes    in spatial distribution and colonization capacities of trees and shrubs,  with special interest in the    competition between exotic and indigenous species. After only a decade of  monitoring important    natural changes in the woody layer were detected. The pioneer forest is  gradually maturing    through self-thinning processes and shifts in species composition. The  overall stem number    decreased with 33.6%, while the basal area increased with 20.9%. Birch (Betula pendula/    pubescens) and indigenous oak (Quercus robur/petraea) remained  dominant. More tolerant    exotic species, like red oak (Quercus rubra) and sweet chestnut (Castanea  sativa), are slowly    increasing their share in the species composition and expanding their  range. Pioneer species on    the other hand, like aspen (Populus tremula), willow (Salix  capreaicinerealaurita), alder buckthorn    (Frangula alnus) and  common (Alnus glutinosa)  and grey alder (A. incana),  strongly declined.    Black cherry (Prunus serotina) seems to be slowly invading the forest due to its  massive    natural regeneration. Strong competition may be expected especially from  rowan ash (Sorbus    aucuparia), which showed similar regeneration  and colonization capacities. Elder (Sambucus    nigra) dramatically extented its range, though  its share remains marginal. Beech remained absent    most probably due to the lack of mature trees in the vacinity of the  forest. Finally this    change detection allowed that general predictions could be made on the  future natural development    and composition of this forest reserve, which could serve forest management  decisions.

scholarly journals How future-proof is Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in a global change context?

2021 ◽  
Vol 494 ◽  
pp. 119320
Author(s):  
Marco Conedera ◽  
Patrik Krebs ◽  
Eric Gehring ◽  
Jan Wunder ◽  
Lisa Hülsmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Change Context

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Flower Development in Castanea Sativa Mill.

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1538
Author(s):  
Ana Teresa Alhinho ◽  
Miguel Jesus Nunes Ramos ◽  
Sofia Alves ◽  
Margarida Rocheta ◽  
Leonor Morais-Cecílio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
Abcde Model ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Female Flowers

The sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is one of the most significant Mediterranean tree species, being an important natural resource for the wood and fruit industries. It is a monoecious species, presenting unisexual male catkins and bisexual catkins, with the latter having distinct male and female flowers. Despite the importance of the sweet chestnut tree, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the determination of sexual organ identity. Thus, the study of how the different flowers of C. sativa develop is fundamental to understand the reproductive success of this species and the impact of flower phenology on its productivity. In this study, a C. sativa de novo transcriptome was assembled and the homologous genes to those of the ABCDE model for floral organ identity were identified. Expression analysis showed that the C. sativa B- and C-class genes are differentially expressed in the male flowers and female flowers. Yeast two-hybrid analysis also suggested that changes in the canonical ABCDE protein–protein interactions may underlie the mechanisms necessary to the development of separate male and female flowers, as reported for the monoecious Fagaceae Quercus suber. The results here depicted constitute a step towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in unisexual flower development in C. sativa, also suggesting that the ABCDE model for flower organ identity may be molecularly conserved in the predominantly monoecious Fagaceae family.

Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi. [Distribution map].

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New South ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
South Wales ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe ◽  
Gnomoniopsis Smithogilvyi

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi Shuttleworth, Liew and Guest. Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales. Hosts: sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and other chestnut species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France, Greece, Italy, mainland Italy, Sardinia, Slovenia, Spain Switzerland, UK, England and Wales), Asia (India, Jammu and Kashmir), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand).

scholarly journals The role of production site isolation in the plant health situation of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa)

2017 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kovács ◽  
László Radócz
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
European Chestnut ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Health Situation

The most destructive pathogen for the European chestnut is the blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. The spread of the fungus was very fast in Europe within a few decades in the second half of the past century. During the tree-health checking in the chestnut andwalnut plantation in Romania, Hargita county, next to Homoródkarácsonyfalva village, we especially concentraded on the signs of blight disease occurrence. The grove is laying on a western slope, under a pine forest. This favourable geographical space protects it not only from pathogen attacts, but it has a special, mild microclimate for nut and chestnut trees. The European chestnut could be a valuable member of local forests, opening a new perspective under conditions of climate changes.

scholarly journals Biocultural diversity of common walnut ( Juglans regia L.) and sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) across Eurasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 11192-11216
Author(s):  
Paola Pollegioni ◽  
Stefano Del Lungo ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
Keith E. Woeste ◽  
Francesca Chiocchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Biocultural Diversity ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Common Walnut

scholarly journals Hydrolyzable Tannins from Sweet Chestnut Fractions Obtained by a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Industrial Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margherita Campo ◽  
Patrizia Pinelli ◽  
Annalisa Romani
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Test Range ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) wood extracts, rich in Hydrolyzable Tannins (HTs), are traditionally used in the tanning and textile industries, but recent studies suggest additional uses. The aim of this work is the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS characterization of Sweet Chestnut aqueous extracts and fractions obtained through a membrane separation technology system without using other solvents, and the evaluation of their antioxidant and antiradical activities. Total tannins range between 2.7 and 138.4 mM; gallic acid ranges between 6% and 100%; castalagin and vescalagin range between 0% and 40%. Gallic Acid Equivalents, measured with the Folin-Ciocalteu test, range between 0.067 and 56.99g/100g extract weight; ORAC test results for the marketed fractions are 450.4 and 3050 μmol/g Trolox Equivalents/extract weight. EC50 values, measured with the DPPH test, range between 0.444 and 2.399 μM. These results suggest a new ecofriendly and economically sustainable method for obtaining chestnut fractions with differentiated, stable and reproducible chemical compositions. Such fractions can be marketed for innovative uses in several sectors.

scholarly journals Integrated Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Phytophthora cinnamomi Attack on Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) Reveals Distinct Molecular Reprogramming Proximal to the Infection Site and Away from It

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iñigo Saiz-Fernández ◽  
Ivan Milenković ◽  
Miroslav Berka ◽  
Martin Černý ◽  
Michal Tomšovský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Invasive Tree

Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most invasive tree pathogens that devastates wild and cultivated forests. Due to its wide host range, knowledge of the infection process at the molecular level is lacking for most of its tree hosts. To expand the repertoire of studied Phytophthora–woody plant interactions and identify molecular mechanisms that can facilitate discovery of novel ways to control its spread and damaging effects, we focused on the interaction between P. cinnamomi and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), an economically important tree for the wood processing industry. By using a combination of proteomics, metabolomics, and targeted hormonal analysis, we mapped the effects of P. cinnamomi attack on stem tissues immediately bordering the infection site and away from it. P. cinnamomi led to a massive reprogramming of the chestnut proteome and accumulation of the stress-related hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), indicating that stem inoculation can be used as an easily accessible model system to identify novel molecular players in P. cinnamomi pathogenicity.

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