scholarly journals The specific substance from Pneumococcus type 34 (41). The phosphodiester linkages

1968 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. F. Chittenden ◽  
W. K. Roberts ◽  
J. G. Buchanan ◽  
J Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Partial Structure ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Phosphate Groups ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The phosphate groups in the type-specific substance S.34 from Pneumococcus type 34 (U.S. type 41) were shown to join the hydroxyl group at position 1 or 5 of ribitol and the hydroxyl group at position 3 of a d-galactofuranosyl residue in the next repeating unit. 2. A partial structure of the type-specific substance was derived. 3. New syntheses of d-galactose 2-phosphate and d-galactose 3-phosphate are described.

scholarly journals The type-specific substance from Pneumococcus type 13

1972 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Watson ◽  
Jean M. Tyler ◽  
J. G. Buchanan ◽  
J. Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Partial Structure ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The type-specific substance, S.13, from Pneumococcus type 13 was subjected to hydrolysis with alkali, followed by enzymic dephosphorylation, to yield a pentasaccharide. 2. The pentasaccharide, corresponding to the dephosphorylated repeating unit of S.13, was shown to be O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β- d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-d- galactofuranosyl-(1→4)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d- glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-ribitol. 3. The phosphodiester linkages in S.13 join the hydroxyl group at position 1 of ribitol and the hydroxyl group at position 4 of a galactopyranosyl residue in the next repeating unit. 4. Ester groups, presumably O-acetyl, are located on positions 2 or 3 of most glucopyranosyl residues in S.13. 5. A partial structure for S.13 is proposed.

scholarly journals The type-specific substance from Pneumococcus type 29

1969 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Venkata Rao ◽  
M. J. Watson ◽  
J. G. Buchanan ◽  
J Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Partial Structure ◽  
Galactose Residue ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. A pentasaccharide, corresponding to the dephosphorylated repeating unit of the specific substance, S.29, from Pneumococcus type 29, was obtained by hydrolysis with alkali followed by enzymic dephosphorylation. 2. The pentasaccharide was shown to be O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-galactofuranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-galactofuranosyl-(1→1)-ribitol. 3. The phosphodiester linkages in S.29 join the hydroxyl group at position 5 of ribitol and the hydroxyl group at position 3 or 4 of a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose residue in the next repeating unit. 4. A partial structure for S.29 was deduced from these experiments.

scholarly journals The type-specific substance from Pneumococcus type 11A(43)

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Kennedy ◽  
J. G. Buchanan ◽  
J Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Acetyl Derivative ◽  
Partial Structure ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The type-specific substance from Pneumococcus type 11A(43) is a polymer containing d-glucose, d-galactose, glycerol, phosphate and O-acetyl in the approximate molecular proportions 2:2:1:1:2. 2. Removal of the O-acetyl groups with ammonia gave a compound no longer active towards type 11A antiserum. 3. Treatment of S.11A with sodium borohydride, followed by hydrolysis with alkali yielded a phosphorus-free polysaccharide, whose structure was studied by methylation and by degradation with periodate. 4. Examination of S.11A and its de-O-acetyl derivative by periodate oxidation led to the partial structure (XI) for the type-specific substance, which thus has several features in common with S.18.

scholarly journals The type-specific substance from Pneumococcus type 33B

1974 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Total Sugar ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The type-specific substance, S. 33B, from Pneumococcus type 33B contains P, 2.89; hexose, 51; total sugar, 69; galactosamine, 18; and d-glucose, 20%. 2. After degradation with alkali, followed by enzymic dephosphorylation, S. 33B yielded a hexasaccharide. 3. The hexasaccharide was assigned the structure O-β-d-glucopyranosyl- (1→5)-O-β-d-galactofuranosyl- (1→3)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d- galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-[α-d- galactopyranosyl-(1→2)]-α-d-galactopyranosyl- (1→2)-ribitol. 4. Phosphate residues in S. 33B are located on the hydroxyl groups at position 5 of ribitol units and on the hydroxyl groups at position 6 of hexopyranose residues.

scholarly journals The type-specific substance from Pneumococcus type 10A(34). The phosphodiester linkages

1966 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
EV Rao ◽  
JG Buchanan ◽  
J Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Specific Substance ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

scholarly journals The site of specific substances in capsulated organisms

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cella Barber
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Selective Separation ◽  
Current Concept ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

Applying a method of selective separation of the specific high polymers the intracellular site of the specific substance in the Copenhagen strain of Pneumococcus Type II was demonstrated, by electron microscopy; the specific polymeric material assumed to form the capsule is situated within the bacterial cell and the electron density of this material is sufficiently high to permit its detection.The possibility of obtaining electron micrographs of the polymeric substances as contained in the cells or after their diffusion into the medium or when secreted as slime, suggests that the current concept of the capsules as the site of the specific substances may have to be reviewed.The electron micrographs were made by Dr A. Petrovici to whom I express my thanks.

scholarly journals CHEMOIMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus Type I has been chemically isolated from the bacterial cells and from autolyzed cultures as an acetyl polysaccharide. So far as could be determined by the methods employed, the acetyl polysaccharide in highly purified form absorbs from Type I antipneumococcus serum all demonstrable type-specific precipitins, agglutinins and protective antibodies. Mice injected intraperitoneally with minute quantities of the acetyl polysaccharide develop active immunity to subsequent infection with Pneumococcus Type I. The immunity thus induced is type-specific. In several instances purpura has been observed in mice following the injection of larger amounts of the acetyl polysaccharide. Under the experimental conditions of this study, no type-specific precipitins, agglutinins or protective antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of rabbits following repeated intravenous injections of the Type I acetyl polysaccharide. The treated rabbits were not immune to subsequent infection with Pnemnococcus Type I. The acetyl polysaccharide is readily converted into its deacetylated derivative by treatment with dilute alkali. The chemical and immunological properties of the deacetylated polysaccharide are identical with those of the soluble specific substance in the chemical form in which it was originally isolated; the deacetylated form of the specific carbohydrate is non-antigenic, does not produce purpura in mice, and only incompletely absorbs the type-specific antibodies from Type I antipneumococcus serum. The immunological significance of the acetyl polysaccharide and its possible relationship to the specific substances isolated from Pneumococcus Type I by other workers are discussed.

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