scholarly journals Effect of alloxan-diabetes and treatment with anti-insulin serum on pathways of glucose metabolism in lactating rat mammary gland

1968 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Walters ◽  
Patricia McLean
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Alloxan Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
A Value ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. The overall metabolic changes in lactating mammary gland in alloxan-diabetic and anti-insulin-serum-treated rats were assessed by measurement of the incorporation of 14C from specifically labelled glucose, pyruvate and acetate into carbon dioxide and lipid, together with measurements of enzymes concerned with the pentose phosphate pathway and with citrate metabolism. 2. Alloxan-diabetes depressed the rate of formation of 14CO2 from [1−14C]glucose and [2−14C]glucose to approx. 10% of the control rate; this was partially reversed by addition of insulin in vitro. The quotient Oxidation of [1−14C]glucose/Oxidation of [6−14C]glucose fell from a value of 17·6 in the control group to 3·9 in the diabetic group and was restored to 14·3 in the presence of insulin in vitro. In keeping with these results it was shown that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were significantly decreased in alloxan-diabetic rats. 3. Alloxan-diabetes depressed the decarboxylation and the oxidation of labelled pyruvate, but not the oxidation of labelled acetate. 4. The synthesis of lipid from specifically labelled glucose was greatly decreased, that from [2−14C]pyruvate was almost unchanged and that from [1−14C]acetate alone was increased in alloxandiabetic rats. However, the stimulation of lipid synthesis from acetate by glucose was small in the alloxan-diabetic rats compared with the controls. Insulin in vitro partially reversed all these effects. Both citrate-cleavage enzyme and acetate thiokinase activities were decreased in alloxan-diabetic rats. 5. Treatment of rats with anti-insulin serum depressed the formation of 14CO2 from [1−14C]glucose and [2−14C]glucose, but increased that from [6−14C]glucose. This was completely restored by the presence of insulin in vitro. The quotient Oxidation of [1−14C]glucose/Oxidation of [6−14C]glucose fell from a value of 17·6 in the control group to 3·8 in the anti-insulin-serum-treated group. There were no changes in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, but the hexokinase distribution changed and the content of the soluble fraction increased significantly. 6. The synthesis of lipid from specifically labelled glucose was depressed in anti-insulin-serum-treated rats; this effect was completely reversed by addition of insulin in vitro to the tissue slices.

scholarly journals Effect of thyroidectomy on pathways of glucose metabolism in lactating rat mammary gland

1967 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Walters ◽  
Patricia McLean
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lactating Mammary Gland ◽  
Cleavage Enzyme ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. Assessment of the overall metabolic changes in lactating mammary gland after thyroidectomy has been made by measurement of the incorporation of 14C from specifically labelled glucose, pyruvate and acetate into 14CO2 and 14C-labelled lipid in the experimental rats and in sham-operated control animals. 2. Thyroidectomy depressed the oxidation of 14C-labelled substrates, an effect still apparent when the control rats were pair-fed with thyroidectomized rats; however, the ratio of oxidation of [1−14C]glucose/oxidation of [6−14C]glucose was unaltered. In parallel with these studies it was revealed that the activities of hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were all lower in the thyroidectomized group than in the pair-fed control group. 3. Thyroidectomy also lowered the incorporation of 14C-labelled substrates into 14C-labelled lipid, an effect further studied by measurement of the activities of citrate-cleavage enzyme and acetate thiokinase. Restricting the food intake of the control rats to that of the thyroidectomized group lowered the activity of citrate-cleavage enzyme, but no further depression was observed on thyroidectomy. The oxidized and reduced nicotinamide nucleotide content of mammary tissue was shown to be decreased in the thyroidectomized rats compared with the control rats.

scholarly journals IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF TWO POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC ENTEROCOCCUS SPP. ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
KAMNI RAJPUT ◽  
RAMESH CHANDRA DUBEY
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

Objective: In vitro antioxidant activity, in vivo antidiabetic property and intestinal attachment by two potential probiotic bacterial strains, namely, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae were studied using albino rats. Methods: Antioxidant the activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging assay. Alloxan was administered intraperitoneally to induce diabetic conditions in experimental rats. Animals were treated with oral administration of Enterococcus spp., such as E. faecium, and E. hirae isolated from goat and sheep milk. The control animal group received normal saline for the same days. Glibenclamide drug was used as a positive control against probiotic bacterial cells. Results: However, administration of probiotic bacterial strains E. faecium and E. hirae, in albino rats significantly (p<0.05) at varying doses lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic rats as compared to the diabetic control group. Both the species of Enterococcus increased the bodyweight of experimental rats. However, E. faecium was the best antidiabetic strain having the antioxidant activities also in comparison to E. hirae. The attachment of probiotic bacterial cells E. faecium on the rat’s intestine wall against pathogens was examined. Furthermore, E. faecium showed its aggregation with pathogens by attachment of the intestines of albino rats. This showed that both the bacterial strains exhibited in vivo antidiabetic effect. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that probiotic bacteria possess antioxidant, antidiabetic activities, and attachment of intestine.

THYROXINE METABOLISM IN DIABETIC RATS

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Zaninovich ◽  
T. J. Brown ◽  
R. Boado ◽  
N. R. Bromage ◽  
A. J. Matty
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Distribution Space

ABSTRACT The metabolism of thyroxine (T4) was determined in untreated and in insulin-treated diabetic rats. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group. Male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 g were made diabetic by the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (6.5 mg/100 g body weight) and 17 of those with blood sugar levels above 500 mg/100 ml were studied. In addition, 11 insulin-treated diabetic and 18 control rats were investigated. All the animals were injected intravenously with a tracer dose of [125I]T4 (1 μCi and 0.015 μg). After this blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture at 16, 24, 40 and 48 h. The 24-h urinary excretion of inorganic 125iodide was also determined. The parameters of T4 metabolism were obtained by the least squares method and by an extrapolation technique. In untreated diabetic rats the fractional T4 turnover was 4.4%h, the distribution space 36.7 ml/100 g body weight, metabolic clearance 1.57 ml/100 g/h and urinary clearance 0.33 ml/100 g/h. The 24-h urinary excretion of 125iodide was 21.3 % of the injected radioactivity. Of these values the distribution space (P < 0.001) and metabolic clearance (P < 0.05) were significantly increased above those in the control animals. In insulin-treated rats all parameters were within normal values. Among these groups the serum T4 concentration was measured in 6 control, 5 untreated diabetic and 6 insulin-treated animals. The untreated diabetic animals had a significantly decreased serum T4 level but this was balanced by an enlarged distribution space so that the final hormone degradation was normal. In addition, the T4 binding activity of serum was assessed by the in vitro red cells uptake of [125I] T4 and by determining the proportion of serum free T4. Both these indices indicated a decrease in serum binding activity in the diabetic animals. The data suggest that the fall in serum T4 levels observed in the untreated diabetic rats was the result of decreased plasma binding of T4 and an increase in distribution space precipitated by lack of insulin.

scholarly journals α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, Anti-Oxidant, and Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Euphorbia nivulia–Ham. in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats

Dose-Response ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 155932582093942
Author(s):  
Muhammad Younus ◽  
Muhammad Mohtasheem ul Hasan ◽  
Khalil Ahmad ◽  
Ali Sharif ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Asif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Antidiabetic Effects

In this study, we aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effects of Euphorbia nivulia (En), native to Cholistan Desert area of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. First, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and found that this plant contains ferulic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, benzoic acid, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Then, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies to assess its effects on diabetic Wistar rat model. The experiments were performed and compared with control drug glibenclamide. The 70% hydroalcoholic extract of En exhibited 97.8% in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory effect at a dose of 1.0 mg/mL. We orally administered the extract of En and control drug to the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and analyzed its antidiabetic effects. We found that the extract of En with a dose of 500 mg/kg/body weight exhibited significant effect to reduce blood glucose in STZ-induced rats as compared with the control group ( P < .001). Our histological data also showed that the extract significantly improved the histopathology of pancreas. Collectively, both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that En possesses α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and anti-hyperglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF INSULIN, ALLOXAN DIABETES, AND ANOXIA ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE RAT HEART

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Orth ◽  
Howard E. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Alloxan Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles ◽  
Lipid Inclusions ◽  
Line Level ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Hearts from normal and alloxan diabetic rats were perfused in vitro with a bicarbonate-buffered medium containing glucose. Transport of glucose through the cell membrane was stimulated with insulin or by induction of anaerobiosis. The organs were rapidly fixed and examined by electron microscopy. Transport stimulation was not associated with any increase in the number of sarcolemmal invaginations or subsarcolemmal cytoplasmic vesicles. It was concluded that glucose transport and the effects of insulin or anoxia do not involve pinocytosis. The relationship of pinocytosis to glucose transport is discussed. The appearance of numerous lipid inclusions at the Z line level of the sarcomeres in the diabetic and anoxic myocardia is described.

Alterations induced by alloxan-diabetes and starvation on functional activity of the rat portal vein perfused in vitro

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fiol de Cuneo ◽  
M. G. Cremer-Lacuara ◽  
R. D. Ruiz ◽  
J. L. Lacuara
Keyword(s):  
Alloxan Diabetes ◽  
Experimental Diabetes ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Glycerol Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Utilization ◽  
Rat Portal Vein ◽  
Portal Veins ◽  
Contractile Recovery

The levels of isometric developed tension (IDT) in portal veins from starved and diabetic rats in glucose medium were of the same magnitude but significantly reduced compared with veins from normal rats. Glucose removal led to contractile depression, more marked in starved veins (−74%; p < 0.001 vs. diabetics and normals). Addition of glucose, pyruvate, acetate, lactate, or butyrate counteracted this depression in all groups but in diabetics butyrate significantly stimulated IDT over controls whereas in starved veins lactate overcame IDT reduction only partially.Added insulin significantly enhanced contractile recovery with glucose in normal and diabetic preparations but was ineffective in starved veins.Glycogen content was significantly lower in diabetics; however, in no group did changes occur in incubated veins as compared with unincubated ones. Glycerol production was significantly higher in diabetic veins.It would appear that, although experimental diabetes induces a shift to fatty acid utilization, aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are somehow preserved as reflected by the IDT recovery with pyruvate or lactate.

scholarly journals Antioxidant SMe1EC2 modulates pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in tissues of aged diabetic rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuray Nuriye Ulusu ◽  
Müslüm Gök ◽  
Arzu Ayşe Sayin Şakul ◽  
Nuray Ari ◽  
Milan Stefek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
And Control

Abstract The pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione-associated metabolism are the main antioxidant cellular defense systems. This study investigated the effects of the powerful antioxidant SMe1EC2 (2-ethoxycarbonyl-8-methoxy-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b] indolinium dichloride) on pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in aged diabetic and aged matched control rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection in rats aged 13-15 months. Diabetic and control rats were divided into two subgroups, one untreated and one treated with SMe1EC2 (10 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 months. SMe1EC2 ameliorated body weight loss, but not hyperglycemia of aged diabetic rats. Diabetes resulted in decreased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), yet in unchanged glutathione reductase (GR) in the liver of aged diabetic rats. In the liver of the aged control rats, SMe1EC2 did not affect G6PDH, 6PGDH and GR, but it inhibited GST. SMe1EC2 also failed to affect diabetes-induced decline in 6PGDH, it ameliorated G6PDH but produced further decline in GST in the liver of aged diabetic rats. In the kidney of aged rats, G6PDH and GST were found to be comparable among the groups, but diabetes up-regulated 6PGDH and GR; these alterations were prevented by SMe1EC2. In the heart of aged diabetic rats, while GST remained unchanged, the recorded increase in G6PD, 6PGD, GR was prevented by SMe1EC2. Furthermore, an unchanged GR and remarkable increases in G6PD, 6PGD and GST were found in the lung of the aged diabetic group. These alterations were completely prevented by SMe1EC2. The results suggest that in aged rats SMe1EC2 can ameliorate the response of the kidney, heart and lung but not that of the liver against diabetes-induced glucotoxicity by interfering with the activity of redox network enzymes.

NADP-linked dehydrogenases in secreted milk

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray R. Grigor ◽  
Peter E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Accurate Reflection

SUMMARYThe activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase have been determined in secreted milk from sows, rats and rabbits. Within each species, although there was considerable variation in the absolute activities of these enzymes, the relative activities were similar to those observed for, or previously published for mammary homogenates. The only exception was milk glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase which tended to lose activity upon prolonged storage in the mammary gland. These results suggest that the pattern of milk enzymes can be an accurate reflection of that occurring in the mammary gland.

OXYGEN UPTAKE OF RAT MAMMARY TISSUE SLICES

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (5) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Tuba ◽  
Herbert E. Rawlinson ◽  
Lorna Glen Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue

An in vitro study has been made of the oxygen uptake of mammary gland tissue of female rats in various experimental states. Because of the very high proportion of fat in mammary tissue the values of [Formula: see text] are determined on a fat-free as well as a water-free basis, thus providing a more accurate measure of the oxygen consumption of this tissue. The oxygen utilization by mammary gland of pregnant animals is increased approximately three times over the activity in the normal, or resting, gland. This increase is maintained during lactation and a return toward normal levels occurs during postlactational involution. The response to p-phenylenediamine indicated that during lactation the increased energy requirements decreased the reserves of the cytochrome system in mammary tissue. There is a well developed mammary gland in adult male rats; but the average fat content and response to p-phenylenediamine of the tissue are almost identical with values for adult female rats. The use of p-phenylenediamine as a histological stain for the cytochrome system in mammary tissue is described.

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