scholarly journals The lactose synthetase particles of lactating bovine mammary gland. Preparation of particles with intact lactose synthetase

1968 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Coffey ◽  
F. J. Reithel
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Novel Method

1. The particulate form of lactating bovine mammary lactose synthetase activity is shown to be more highly organized than previously reported. 2. A novel method of shattering frozen mammary tissue with effective cell disruption is described. 3. The apparent subcellular distribution of lactose synthetase was shown to reflect the method of homogenization. 4. After mild homogenization particles associated with a high content of intact lactose synthetase activity sedimented in the lysosome size range between 5×104 and 3×105g-min. 5. Lactose synthetase was dissociated and solubilized by VirTis homogenization and ultrasonic treatment. The activities and behaviour of UDP-galactose hydrolase, succinate dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase and phosphodiesterase I were compared. 6. Inhibition of UDP-galactose hydrolase by UTP and α-lactalbumin was observed.

scholarly journals Expression and localisation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the bovine mammary gland during development, function and involution

2003 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Schams ◽  
S Kohlenberg ◽  
W Amselgruber ◽  
B Berisha ◽  
MW Pfaffl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Gland Development

It is now well established that oestrogen and progesterone are absolutely essential for mammary gland development. Lactation can be induced in non-pregnant animals by sex steroid hormone treatment. Most of the genomic actions of oestrogens are mediated by two oestrogen receptors (ER)-alpha and ERbeta, and for gestagens in ruminants by the progesterone receptor (PR). Our aim was the evaluation of mRNA expression and protein (localisation and Western blotting) during mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis (early, middle and late) and involution (8, 24, 28, 96-108 h and 14-28 days after the end of milking) in the bovine mammary gland (total no. 53). During these stages, the mRNA was assessed by means of real-time RT-PCR (LightCycler). The protein for ERalpha, ERbeta and PR was localised by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The mRNA expression results indicated the existence of ERalpha, ERbeta and PR in bovine mammary gland. Both ERalpha and PR are expressed in fg/ micro g total RNA range. The highest mRNA expression was found for ERalpha and PR in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, followed by a significant decrease to a lower level at the time of lactogenesis with low concentrations remaining during lactation and the first 4 weeks of involution. In contrast, the expression of ERbeta was about 1000-fold lower (ag/ micro g total RNA) and showed no clear difference during the stages examined, with a significant increase only 2-4 weeks after the end of milking. Immunolocalisation for ERalpha revealed a strong positive staining in nuclei of lactocytes in non-pregnant heifers, became undetectable during pregnancy, lactogenesis and lactation, and was again detectable 14-28 days after the end of milking. In contrast, PR was localised in the nuclei of epithelial cells in the mammary tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, in primigravid animals, and during late lactation and involution. During lactogenesis, peak and mid lactation, fewer nuclei of epithelial cells were positive, but increased staining of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells was obvious. ERalpha and ERbeta protein was found in all mammary gland stages examined by Western blotting. In contrast to mRNA expression, the protein signal for ERalpha was weaker in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers and during involution (4 weeks). ERbeta protein showed a stronger signal (two isoform bands) in non-pregnant heifers and 4 weeks after the end of milking. This correlated with the mRNA expression data. Three isoforms of PR (A, B and C) were found by Western blotting in the tIssue of non-pregnant heifers, but only isoform B remained during the following stages (lactogenesis, galactopoiesis and involution). In conclusion, the mRNA expression and protein data for ER and PR showed clear regulatory changes, suggesting involvement of these receptors in bovine mammary gland development and involution.

scholarly journals The expression of the IGF family and GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland

2001 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Plath-Gabler ◽  
C Gabler ◽  
F Sinowatz ◽  
B Berisha ◽  
D Schams
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Gh Receptor ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Temporal Expressions ◽  
Igfbp 3

To study the involvement of the IGFs in mammary development and lactation of the cow, the temporal expressions of IGF-I and -II, its receptor type 1 (IGFR-1), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-1 to -6 and GH receptor (GHR) mRNA were examined. This was carried out for different stages of mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis and involution in the bovine mammary gland of 26 animals. Furthermore, IGF-I was localised by immunohistochemistry. The highest mRNA concentrations for IGF-I were detected in the mammary tissue of late pregnant heifers (days 255-272) and significantly lower expression was detected during lactogenesis and galactopoiesis. Immunohistochemistry of IGF-I revealed only a weak staining in the epithelium of the ducts during mammogenesis. The epithelium of the alveoli were negative during mammogenesis, lactogenesis and galactopoiesis but displayed distinct IGF-I activity during involution. In the stroma a distinct staining of the cytoplasm of adipocytes and of vascular smooth muscle cells was observed. A certain percentage of fibroblasts (usually 20-30%) were also immunopositive. In contrast, highest expression for IGFR-1 was detected during galactopoiesis and involution. The lowest mRNA concentration for IGFR-1 was found during pregnancy (days 194-213). In general, the expression of IGF-II was not regulated during mammogenesis and lactation, but decreased during involution. The mRNA for the six binding proteins was detected in the bovine mammary gland. The dominant binding proteins were IGFBP-3 and -5. The highest expression of IGFBP-3 was observed during mid-pregnancy and the lowest during late lactation, involution and in non-pregnant heifers. The mRNA for IGFBP-5 increased during late mammogenesis and lactogenesis followed by a decrease thereafter. In general, the mRNA concentrations for IGFBP-2, -4 and -6 were barely detectable during all stages. In contrast, the expression for IGFBP-1 was upregulated in the mammary gland of virgin heifers and increased around the onset of lactation. mRNA for GHR was found during all stages examined without outstanding fluctuations. In conclusion, locally produced IGF-I and -II may mediate mammogenesis. The high mammary IGFR-1 mRNA during lactation suggests a role for peripheral IGF-I in maintenance of lactation. The role of IGFBPs in the mammary gland needs further evaluation.

scholarly journals Chromosomal mapping and quantitative analysis of estrogen-related receptor alpha-1, estrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptor in the bovine mammary gland

2005 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
E E Connor ◽  
D L Wood ◽  
T S Sonstegard ◽  
A F da Mota ◽  
G L Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Receptor Alpha ◽  
Gland Development ◽  
Estrogen Related Receptor

Steroid receptors are key transcriptional regulators of mammary growth, development and lactation. Expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 (ERRβ) have been evaluated in bovine mammary gland. The ERRα is an orphan receptor that, in other species and tissues, appears to function in the regulation of estrogen-response genes including lactoferrin and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and in mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression of ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα was characterized in mammary tissue obtained from multiple stages of bovine mammary gland development using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Expression was evaluated in prepubertal heifers, primigravid cows, lactating non-pregnant cows, lactating pregnant cows and non-lactating pregnant cows (n=4 to 9 animals/stage). In addition, ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα were mapped to chromosomes 9, 10, 15 and 29 respectively, by linkage and radiation hybrid mapping. Results indicated that expression of ERα, PR and ERRα was largely coordinately regulated and they were present in significant quantity during all physiological stages evaluated. In contrast, ERβ transcripts were present at a very low concentration during all stages. Furthermore, no ERβ protein could be detected in bovine mammary tissue by immunohistochemistry. The ERα and PR proteins were detected during all physiological states, including lactation. Our results demonstrate the presence of ERα, PR and ERRα during all physiological stages, and suggest a functional role for ERRα and a relative lack of a role for ERβ in bovine mammary gland development and lactation.

scholarly journals Cellular localisation of GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland during mammogenesis, lactation and involution

2000 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Sinowatz ◽  
D Schams ◽  
S Kolle ◽  
A Plath ◽  
D Lincoln ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Gh Receptor ◽  
Gh Receptors

We have used immunohistochemistry and non-radioactive in situ hybridisation to localise the GH receptor and its transcript in the bovine mammary gland during mammogenesis, lactation and involution. We found a characteristic pattern of immunoreactive GH (irGH) receptor distribution in the epithelial and stromal compartments during the different stages of mammary gland development: The ductular epithelium showed a distinct staining for irGH receptor during most stages, whereas the alveolar epithelium contained a modest amount of GH receptor during pregnancy which increased during lactation and galactopoiesis. In dry cows, the immunostaining for GH receptors in the alveolar epithelium was very weak or negative. Curiously, the amount of GH receptor mRNA appeared relatively constant during mammogenesis and lactation. The epithelial cells of the alveoli and ducts as well as the endothelial cells showed a distinct signal in our in situ hy! bridisation studies. The predominant localisation of GH receptors in the epithelium of ducts and alveoli is supportive of a role for GH in epithelial differentiation and maintenance. Furthermore, the increased intensity of immunostaining in bovine mammary tissue post partum suggests a direct role for GH receptor in mediating the effect of GH in milk production and secretion.

Bovine mammary gene expression profiling using a cDNA microarray enhanced for mammary-specific transcripts

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Suchyta ◽  
Sue Sipkovsky ◽  
Robert G. Halgren ◽  
Rachael Kruska ◽  
Michael Elftman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cdna Microarray ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Pilot Studies

A cDNA microarray resource enhanced for transcripts specific to the bovine mammary gland (BMAM) has been developed and used in pilot studies to examine gene expression profiles in the mammary gland. One goal driving development of this resource was to shed some light on the pathways and mechanisms specifically related to bovine mammary gland growth and development. To accomplish this, gene expression patterns from bovine adipose, liver, adrenal, lymph, spleen, thymus, gut, and developing mammary tissue were compared using the BMAM microarray. We have thus identified a putative set of 16 genes being preferentially expressed in developing mammary gland. Another of our long-term goals is to elucidate the genes and pathways associated with bovine lactation and involution and to use these as a model for human mammary gland development as it relates to human breast cancer risks. To begin this process, we conducted a pilot study, comparing gene expression profiles of lactating bovine mammary tissue against nonlactating tissue on the BMAM microarray. Our results have yielded many novel and interesting genes exhibiting differential expression in lactating mammary tissue, including oncogenes (VAV3, C-myc), mediators of apoptosis (Caspase 8), and cell cycle regulators (LASP1).

Role of endothelial cells in bovine mammary gland health and disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie E. Ryman ◽  
Nandakumar Packiriswamy ◽  
Lorraine M. Sordillo
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Affected Tissue

AbstractThe bovine mammary gland is a dynamic and complex organ composed of various cell types that work together for the purpose of milk synthesis and secretion. A layer of endothelial cells establishes the blood–milk barrier, which exists to facilitate the exchange of solutes and macromolecules necessary for optimal milk production. During bacterial challenge, however, endothelial cells divert some of their lactation function to protect the underlying tissue from damage by initiating inflammation. At the onset of inflammation, endothelial cells tightly regulate the movement of plasma components and leukocytes into affected tissue. Unfortunately, endothelial dysfunction as a result of exacerbated or sustained inflammation can negatively affect both barrier integrity and the health of surrounding extravascular tissue. The objective of this review is to highlight the role of endothelial cells in supporting milk production and regulating optimal inflammatory responses. The consequences of endothelial dysfunction and sustained inflammation on milk synthesis and secretion are discussed. Given the important role of endothelial cells in orchestrating the inflammatory response, a better understanding of endothelial function during mastitis may support development of targeted therapies to protect bovine mammary tissue and mammary endothelium.

Abundance of solute carrier family 27 member 6 (SLC27A6) in the bovine mammary gland alters fatty acid metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Zhang ◽  
Ziliang Shen ◽  
Zhendong Yang ◽  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Shuangfeng Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Mammary Cells ◽  
Solute Carrier Family ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Solute Carrier

The Milk FA and transcriptome of bovine mammary tissue indicated that LCFA transport into mammary cells during late lactation. In vitro test underscored how FA transport via SLC27A6 could dictate the utilization of FA for TG synthesis versus oxidation.

MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS IN THE BOVINE MAMMARY GLAND

1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. R5-R8 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Glimm ◽  
V.E. Baracos ◽  
J.J. Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Gh Receptor

ABSTRACT GH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) was identified and characterized in mammary tissue from normal and GH-treated lactating cows using Northern and in-situ hybridization analyses. One major GH receptor transcript of 4.4 kilobases and a less abundant transcript of 9.2 kilobases were detected in mammary tissue from both normal and GH-treated cows. In-situ hybridization analysis revealed that the GH receptor gene is primarily expressed in the alveolar epithelial cells of mammary tissue. These results are evidence that the lactating mammary gland may synthesize GH receptors. On the basis of these observations it seems likely that the lactating bovine mammary gland is a GH target tissue. This finding challenges the widely accepted view that GH does not directly regulate mammary growth or function.

scholarly journals Developmental regulation of mammary-derived growth inhibitor expression in bovine mammary tissue.

1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1779-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kurtz ◽  
F Vogel ◽  
K Funa ◽  
C H Heldin ◽  
R Grosse
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Hybridization Technique ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Experimental Pharmacology ◽  
Plasmid Library

The cDNA for a previously described growth inhibitor, designated as mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) (Grosse, R., and P. Langen. 1989. In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. In press) has been cloned from a plasmid library which was derived from terminally differentiated bovine mammary gland. Sequencing of the cDNA showed an open reading frame coding for a protein of 133 amino acids. In six positions differences were found between the sequence determined from the cDNA and that determined previously by amino acid sequence analysis. Northern blot analysis revealed abundant MDGI mRNA in the terminally differentiated mammary gland, whereas in virgin gland, liver or pancreas transcripts were not expressed. By use of in situ hybridization technique transcription of MDGI in the developing bovine mammary gland was analyzed. Increasing amounts of MDGI mRNA were detected in the epithelial cells of embryonic mammary rudiment, in the epithelium of developing lobules and in terminal parts of ducts and lobuloalveolar epithelial cells of differentiated glands. There was a geographical gradient of MDGI mRNA concentration in bovine mammary gland reaching a maximum in the proximal parts of the tissue. An immunohistochemical analysis with different polyclonal and peptide directed antibodies against MDGI confirmed the in situ hybridization data with respect to the tissue-specific and differentiation-dependent MDGI expression in bovine mammary gland. The results suggest a close relationship between MDGI transcription and developmental processes in the normal bovine mammary gland.

Use and relevance of a bovine mammary gland explant model to study infection responses in bovine mammary tissue

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Rabot ◽  
Olga Wellnitz ◽  
Heinrich H D Meyer ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptors

Our aim was to develop an explant model to define more precisely the early response of bovine mammary epithelial cells to infection. Therefore we investigated the mRNA expression encoding for some soluble immunological factors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated bovine mammary gland explants. Explants were taken out from the mammary gland of eight lactating cows after slaughter then incubated with LPS (10 μg/ml) for 6 h. The mRNA expression of α-lactalbumin (α-la), various cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and two immunoglobulin receptors, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIGR), were assessed with qPCR before and after 3 h and 6 h of LPS challenge. Both immunoglobulin receptors and α-la increased at 3 h then recovered their initial level at 6 h whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 increased only after 6 h (P<0·05). Surprisingly, TNF-α transcripts did not show any regulation in response to the LPS treatment. We nevertheless concluded that our model was valid to examine the short-term response of mammary epithelial cell challenged with LPS.

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