scholarly journals Resting and stimulated respiration in vitro in the central nervous system. Regional distribution and relation to cell density

1967 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 831-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Ridge
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Percentage Increase

1. The respiratory rates in vitro of ten structures of the rabbit brain were measured in the presence of a normal (5mm) and an elevated (50mm) concentration of K+ ions. The results were expressed on a dry-weight basis and in terms of cell density. 2. On a dry-weight basis, with a normal concentration of K+, there was a steady decrease in respiratory rate on passing from the cerebral cortex through successively lower centres to the brain-stem, i.e. respiration was negatively correlated with phylogenetic age. 3. When the resting respiratory rates were expressed in terms of cell density there was no correlation with phylogenetic age. The neuron-containing structures of the cerebrum and brain-stem had identical respiratory rates with the exception of the cerebral cortex which had a higher rate. 4. The K+-stimulated respiratory rates/cell also showed a negative correlation with phylogenetic age; the higher centres responded with a greater percentage increase than the lower. 5. The results from the cerebellar cortex were anomalous. 6. There were variations of respiratory rate within the diencephalon. The thalamus had a relatively high respiratory rate, the anterior and ventral regions relatively low and the hypothalamus intermediate. 7. The oxygen consumption of white matter was not increased by a high external concentration of K+.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO OF PARTICLES FROM CYTOPLASM

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Development In Vitro ◽  
Ph Range

Spherical particles, 1 to 10 microns in diameter, resulted from the incubation at 37°C. of distilled water lysates of erythrocytes with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The particles consisted of 88 per cent hemoglobin and 12 per cent DNA (dry weight basis). An unknown factor, presumably an enzyme, present only in fresh red cell lysates, was required for particle development. Particle size was a function of the pH of the reaction mixture. The pH range was 4.8–5.8. It was possible to trap extraneous proteins and polysaccharides in pockets within the hemoglobin particles during their development to the exclusion of some of the hemoglobin. The amount of any one substance so trapped was proportional to its concentration in the reaction mixture. Some practical applications of the particles, as a means for making particulate various soluble substances (enzymes, antigens, antibiotics), are suggested.

scholarly journals Trans-Aconitate Utilization by Sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Kennady
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Urinary Citrate ◽  
Cis And Trans

Sheep fed diets containing 3�5 and 7� 0% trans�aconitate on a dry weight basis for 5 days appeared normal and maintained normal levels of blood citrate, ketones, and aconitate, but showed large increases in urinary citrate. Calcium and magnesium levels in plasma and urine were not substantially modified. When trans-aconitate was placed in the rumen it disappeared rapidly but did not increase the concentration of rumen volatile fatty acids; blood and urinary aconitate values remained low. trans-Aconitate did not inhibit the fermentation of soluble substrates by rumen microorganisms in vitro. Both cis- and trans-aconitate were fermented slowly.

scholarly journals Developmental Changes in Seeds of Loblolly Pine

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Janick ◽  
Christiane Cabral Velho ◽  
Anna Whipkey
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Whole Seed

Mature seed weight of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) averaged 25 mg (dry weight), of which 55.0% was seedcoat, 38.5% megagametophyte, and 6.4% embryo. Fatty acid (FA) content (dry-weight basis) was 17.5% for whole seed, 0.4% for seedcoat, 36.2% for megagametophyte, and 51.2% for embryo. Distribution of FAs (16:0; 18:0; 18:1; 18:2; 18:3 Δ5,9,12; 18:3 Δ9,12,15; 20:0; and 20:3) differed in seedcoat, megagametophyte, and embryo, but 18:2 was the predominant FA in all tissues. Seed development was analyzed for 110 days from 25 July, the year following pollination. Embryos could be macroscopically observed on or about day 30. Embryo dry weight, length, and FA accumulation increased until about day 50 and then remained constant. Embryo density decreased from day 30 to 50 and then stabilized at ≈1.0366 g·ml-1 or 10% sucrose equivalent. Excised zygotic embryos did not germinate in vitro until after day 51; germination increased linearly after this date, reaching 80% by day 72.

Hyperosmotic effects on the cat thyroid perfused in vitro

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Boatman ◽  
John M. Walsh ◽  
Marvin J. Rabinovitz
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
In Vitro Perfusion ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Tissue Sodium ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Tissue blocks containing the thyroid gland of cats were perfused via the carotid artery with normal and hypertonic defibrinated bovine whole blood for 2-hour intervals. Details of apparatus and methods for in vitro perfusion are described. Hypertonic perfusion resulted in reduced Na24 and I131 passage into the gland. The rate of in vivo accumulated I131 (inorganic and organic) movement from the gland to the hypertonic perfusate was increased. Tissue sodium and potassium was increased on a dry weight basis and a thyroid weight loss was observed due to loss of water to the hypertonic perfusate. Radiochromatograms of hypertonically perfused glands showed markedly reduced total I131 and synthesis of diiodotyrosine and monoiodotyrosine. It was concluded the thyroid responded to movements of iodide into and out of the cells in a manner that reflected the osmotic state of the external environment.

scholarly journals In vitro antioxidant activities of stem bark, leaves and callus extracts from Amoora rohituka

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Kanthesh M Basalingappa ◽  
Kavitharaj V ◽  
Avinash KO ◽  
Kumar JR ◽  
Murugesan Karthikeyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Antioxidative Capacity ◽  
Total Antioxidant

<p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong></strong></p><p>The present work examined the <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant activity of sequentially extracted, solvent extracts (Petroleum ether, chloroform and Methanol) of stem bark, leaves and callus from <em>Amoora rohituka</em>. The antioxidative capacity of the extracts were examined by using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) and NOS (Nitric oxide scavenging) assays by using Gallic acid as standard control. Among the tested extracts, methanol extract of stem bark showed better antioxidative capacity. The total antioxidant activity was expressed as µg equivalent of Gallic acid per gram on dry weight basis. IC<sub>50</sub> values for methanol extract of stem bark were 7.53 µg/ml; 34.92 µg/ml and 56.31 µg/ml in ABTS, DPPH and NOS assays respectively. Whereas, leaves and callus extracts showed moderate antioxidative properties. </p>

Evaluation of Wet and Dry Weight Bases for Expression of Respiratory Rate in vitro.

1939 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Field ◽  
H. S. Belding ◽  
A. W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Dry Weight

scholarly journals Regional distribution of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis and the inhibition of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase by manganese in the rat brain

1980 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahin D. Maines
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
State Level ◽  
Haem Biosynthesis ◽  
The Brain

The activity of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of haem biosynthesis, is differentially distributed in various regions of the rat brain. The cerebellum possessed the highest enzyme activity of the eight regions studied. The cerebral cortex and the midbrain also exhibited high 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity; the septum, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus possessed much lower enzyme activity. However, the total porphyrin and haem contents of the different brain segments did not vary greatly. Mn2+, when administered subcutaneously to rats, effectively inhibited the activity of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase in the cerebellum, midbrain and cerebral cortex; however, repeated injections of the metal ion neither decreased the haem and porphyrin contents of the brain nor induced haem oxygenase activity. Mn2+ was not an effective inhibitor of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity in vitro. On the other hand, studies carried out with the liver in vivo suggested that Mn2+ may alter the turnover rate of cellular haem and haemoproteins. In that event, it is likely that the inhibition of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase by Mn2+ was in part a result of the inhibition of protein synthesis by the metal ion. It is postulated that the haem and porphyrin contents of the brain are maintained at a steady-state level, due in part to the refractoriness to inducers of the regulatory mechanism for haem catabolic enzymes and in part to the ability of the organ to utilize haem precursors derived from extraneuronal sources.

The Strong Positive Correlation between Factor VII Clotting Activity Using Bovine Thromboplastin and the Activated Factor VII Level

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (03) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuomi Kario ◽  
Takefumi Matsuo ◽  
Reiko Asada ◽  
Toshiyuki Sakata ◽  
Hisao Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Bovine Brain ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Chromogenic Substrate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Activated Factor Vii

SummaryWe compared factor VII clotting activity (FVIIc) assays using different thromboplastins to determine which is the most sensitive for activated FVII (FVIIa) or for FVII antigen (FVIIag). FVIIc levels were measured using thromboplastins derived from bovine brain (FVIIc Bov), human placenta (FVIIc Hum), and rabbit brain (FVIIc Rab). FVIIa levels were measured by fluorogenic assays using human soluble tissue factor (rsTF) or bovine rsTF. We also measured FVII activity by an amidolytic assay (FVIIc:am Hum) using human thromboplastin and a chromogenic substrate for thrombin. FVIIag levels were determined by ELISA. In the FVIIa assay, the reaction time obtained from using bovine rsTF was shorter than that with human rsTF, suggesting that the interaction of plasma FVIIa with bovine rsTF was stronger than with human rsTF. The plasma FVIIa levels measured using human rsTF and bovine rsTF were almost the same (r=0.947, p<0.0001). Among the three FVIIc assays, FVIIc Bov had the strongest positive correlation with the plasma FVIIa level (r=0.886, p<0.000l), but had no correlation with FVIIag. An increase of 1 ng/ml in the plasma FVIIa level yielded a 27.9% increase of FVIIc Bov. Plasma FVIIc Hum and FVIIc:am Hum showed moderate correlations with both FVIIa (r=0.520, p<0.02 and r=0.569, p<0.01, respectively) and FVIIag (r=0.438, p<0.05 and r=0.468, p<0.05, respectively). FVIIc Rab had the lowest correlation with FVIIa (r=0.367, p<0.1), but had a moderate correlation with FVIIag (r=0.436, p<0.05). After in vitro cold activation, FVIIc Bov levels increased the most and FVIIc:am levels showed the least change. These findings indicate that consideration of the thromboplastin used for assay is necessary when assessing the clinical significance of FVII activity as a cardiovascular risk factor.

ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH HERBAGE DISSECTION ANALYSES 2. Problems of species identification

1976 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
I.M. Ritchie ◽  
C.C. Boswell ◽  
A.M. Badland
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Leaf Fragment ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Botanical Analysis

HERBACE DISSECTION is the process in which samples of herbage cut from trials are separated by hand into component species. Heavy reliance is placed on herbage dissection as an analytical tool ,in New Zealand, and in the four botanical analysis laboratories in the Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries about 20 000 samples are analysed each year. In the laboratory a representative subsample is taken by a rigorous quartering procedure until approximately 400 pieces of herbage remain. Each leaf fragment is then identified to species level or groups of these as appropriate. The fractions are then dried and the composition calculated on a percentage dry weight basis. The accuracy of the analyses of these laboratories has been monitored by a system of interchanging herbage dissection samples between them. From this, the need to separate subsampling errors from problems of plant identification was, appreciated and some of this work is described here.

Effect of the endophytic plant growth promoting Enterobacter ludwigii EB4B on tomato growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E.A. Bendaha ◽  
H.A. Belaouni
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Enterobacter Ludwigii ◽  
Tomato Growth

SummaryThis study aims to develop a biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) in tomato. For this, a set of 23 bacterial endophytic isolates has been screened for their ability to inhibit in vitro the growth of FORL using the dual plate assay. Three isolates with the most sound antagonistic activity to FORL have been qualitatively screened for siderophore production, phosphates solubilization and indolic acetic acid (IAA) synthesis as growth promotion traits. Antagonistic values of the three candidates against FORL were respectively: 51.51 % (EB4B), 51.18 % (EB22K) and 41.40 % (EB2A). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates EB4B and EB22K were closely related to Enterobacter ludwigii EN-119, while the strain EB2A has been assigned to Leclercia adecarboxylata NBRC 102595. The promotion of tomato growth has been assessed in vitro using the strains EB2A, EB4B and EB22K in presence of the phytopathogen FORL. The treatments with the selected isolates increased significantly the root length and dry weight. Best results were observed in isolate EB4B in terms of growth promotion in the absence of FORL, improving 326.60 % of the root length and 142.70 % of plant dry weight if compared with untreated controls. In the presence of FORL, the strain EB4B improved both root length (180.81 %) and plant dry weight (202.15 %). These results encourage further characterization of the observed beneficial effect of Enterobacter sp. EB4B for a possible use as biofertilizer and biocontrol agent against FORL.

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