scholarly journals Conversion of carotenoids into vitamins A1 and A2 in two species of freshwater fish

1966 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Gross ◽  
P Budowski
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Zooplankton Species ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Lebistes Reticulatus

1. Examination of two zooplankton species predominating in fish ponds, Daphnia magna and Chironomus larvae, revealed the presence of alpha- and beta-carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin and 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-carotene in Daphnia, and beta-carotene and cryptoxanthin ester in Chironomus. No specific provitamins A(2) (containing a 3,4-dehydro-beta-ionone ring) were detected. 2. Guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) and platies (Xiphophorus variatus) were found to form vitamin A from beta-carotene and from its oxygen-containing derivatives isozeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. Slight conversion into vitamin A(2) seemed to occur simultaneously. 3,4-Dehydro-3‣-hydroxy-beta-carotene formed little vitamin A, and the latter was mainly of the A(2) type. Lutein was devoid of provitamin A properties. 3. In addition to vitamin A, beta-carotene was detected in fish receiving the 4-oxo- and 4-hydroxy-carotenoids. A reaction scheme for the conversion of carotenoids into retinal and and 3,4-dehydroretinal is presented. 4. It is concluded that natural 4-oxo derivatives of beta-carotene may play a significant role as vitamin A precursors for fish.

Provitamin A Carotenoid Bioavailability:What Really Matters?

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (45) ◽  
pp. 336-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo ◽  
Natalia Palacios ◽  
Kevin V. Pixley
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Local Agencies

Micronutrient malnutrition, or “hidden hunger,” afflicts a large part of the world’s population, with vitamin A deficiency among the most prevalent public health problems. Provitamin A carotenoids in plant foods are a source of vitamin A for humans; however, several factors, including species of carotenoids, host status, and effectors of absorption can negatively, positively, or in yet undetermined ways affect the bioavailability of these compounds. Staple foods biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids have shown more efficient bioconversion to retinol than generally observed for vegetables (e. g., 3 - 6 versus 10 - 80 beta-carotene to 1 µg retinol). Staple foods such as maize, rice, and cassava, are generally more accessible than meat or vegetable sources of retinol or provitamin A carotenoids to poor consumers, who are most likely to suffer micronutrient malnutrition. Interdisciplinary teamwork, including plant breeders, nutritionists, government and local agencies, seed companies, and communities, is needed to avail biofortified crops to needy populations. Key steps include developing, validating the nutritional effects of, providing nutrition education concerning, and promoting the use of biofortified crops. Provitamin A carotenoid biofortification of sweet potato, maize, cassava, and rice are at different stages along this continuum. Close linkages between agriculture, nutrition, and health, are essential in the quest to eradicate hunger among the poor.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN PUDING DENGAN PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG WORTEL(Daucus Carrota L) DAN KUNING TELUR SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF SNACK FOOD SUMBER PRO VITAMIN A

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Sepni Asmira ◽  
Delzi Ilham ◽  
Partini Widiastika
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Organoleptic Test ◽  
Randomized Design

Impaired vision and blindness are still a health problem in the world, including in Indonesia. Efforts to maintain eye health can be done by consuming foods that contain lots of vitamin A or provitamin A. Carrots are a source of provitamin A and egg yolks are a source of fat apart from being a source of vitamin A as well. This study aims to determine the effect of adding carrot flour and egg yolk on organoleptic quality and levels of beta-carotene and fat in pudding. This study is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and two replications. Observations were made subjectively on taste (organoleptic test) with 25 moderately trained panelists and objective observations included testing the levels of beta-carotene with UV-vis spectrophotometry and fat content testing using the Soxhlet method. Based on the results of the organoleptic test, it was found that the best treatment was treatment B (10:10) with four indicators assessed including color, aroma, texture and taste. The laboratory results showed that the highest beta-carotene content was between sample A (control) and sample B (10:10) with the highest average result in sample B of 50.2 and the highest fat content in sample B was 0.169. It is recommended to further researchers to test the acceptability of the product and make more use of local food in research besides being easy to find and having high nutritional value and economic value.

scholarly journals Formation of vitamin A in a freshwater fish. Isolation of retinoic acid

1977 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Barua ◽  
U C Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Beta Carotene

The intestines of freshly caught Saccobranchus fossilis (a freshwater fish that contains dehydroretinol) became free from carotenoids and from vitamin A when the fish were starved for about 20 days. When beta-carotene was administered to such fish, retinoic acid could be isolated from the intestines after approx. 4h. When lutein was administered to such fish, dehydroretinol and 3-hydroxyretinol could be isolated from the intestines after approx. 5h.

Provitamin A Carotenoïd Content of Dried Fermented Cassava Flour: The Effect of Palm Oil Addition During Processing

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inocent Gouado ◽  
Adelaide Demasse Mawamba ◽  
Ruphine Solange Meyimgo Ouambo ◽  
Issa Touridomon Some ◽  
Tchouanguep Mbiapo Félicité
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Local Market ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Red Palm Oil

Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in developing countries. Cassava is a major staple food for most Africans. Most often, it is processed into dried fermented cassava (commonly called gari) to limit post harvest losses. The white or yellow type of gari can be obtained without or with the addition of red palm oil respectively. However in most African countries, the process is still traditional and the quantity of red palm oil varies from one producer to another. This study aimed to standardize the processing of cassava into gari and determine the carotenoïd content of dried fermented cassava roots cooked with different quantities of red palm oil. Grated samples from 210g of cassava tubers were fermented and fried at 120°C ± 5 for 10 minutes with (yellow gari) and without whole red palm oil (white gari). The quantities of red palm oil used were 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 ml. The alpha and beta carotene contents of gari (experimental samples) and of yellow gari bought from a local market (commercial samples) were evaluated by HPLC. The organoleptic properties of the gari were assessed using 18 volunteers aged between 20 to 30 years accustomed to gari. From the results, the provitamin A carotenoïd content of gari obtained increased significantly (P< 0.05) with the quantity of oil used and were higher than that of the commercial samples. The alpha carotene ranged from 352.6 ± 5.5 µg/g to 1572.5 ± 15.9 µg/g (for 2 and 8 ml of palm oil respectively) and the beta carotene from 309.7 ± 24.8 µg/g to 1624.3 ± 45.8 µg/g (for 2 and 8 ml of oil respectively). These results suggest that the addition of red palm oil (4 ml/210 g of cassava) during the processing of cassava into yellow gari resulted in good retention of carotenoïd. Gari is a dry product, thus if it is well conserved after processing in dark airtight packages, it could be used as a good tool to reduce vitamin A deficiency.

Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwen Tang
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Humans need vitamin A and obtain essential vitamin A by conversion of plant foods rich in provitamin A and/or absorption of preformed vitamin A from foods of animal origin. The determination of the vitamin A value of plant foods rich in provitamin A is important but has challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over last 80 years following the discovery on the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the various techniques including stable isotope technologies that have been developed to determine vitamin A values of plant provitamin A (mainly β-carotene). These include applications from using radioactive β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene, and measuring postprandial chylomicron fractions after feeding a β-carotene rich diet, to using stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of plant food provitamin A carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) in humans. These approaches have greatly promoted our understanding of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A. Stable isotope labeled plant foods are useful for determining the overall bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from specific foods. Locally obtained plant foods can provide vitamin A and prevent deficiency of vitamin A, a remaining worldwide concern.

Teknologi Esktrasi dan Cara Pemisahannya untuk Mendapatkan Kembali Karotenoid dari Minyak Sawit : Suatu Tinjauan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Agus Sudibyo ◽  
Sardjono Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Molecular Product ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Selection Of

Crude palm oil (CPO)is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (pro-vitamin A) equivalent, whereas palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated from palm oil industry that contains oil and carotenes that used to be treated before discharge. Carotenoids are importance in animals and humans for the purpose of the enhancement of immune response, conversion of vitamin A and scavenging of oxygen radicals. This component has different nutritional  functions and benefits to humaan health. The growing interest in the other natural sources of beta-carotene and growing awareness to prevent pollution has stimulated the industrial use of CPO and POME as a raw material for carotenoids extraction. Various technologies of extraction and separation have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids.This article reports on various technologies that have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids from being destroyed in commercial refining of palm oil and effects of some various treatments on the extraction end separation for carotenoid from palm oil and carotenoids concentration. Principally, there are different technologies, and there is one some future which is the use of solvent. Solvent plays important role  in the most technologiest, however the problem of solvents which are used is that they posses potentiaal fire health and environmental hazards. Hence selection of the  most safe, environmentally friendly and cost effective solvent is important to design of alternative extraction methods.Chemical molecular product design is one of the methods that are becoming more popular nowadays for finding solvent with the desired properties prior to experimental testing.ABSTRAKMinyak sawit kasar merupakan sumber karotenoid terkaya yang berasal dari tanaman sawit sebagai senyawa yang sama dengan retinol atau pro-vitamin A; sedangkan limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dihasilkan dari industri pengolahan minyak sawit yang berisi minyak dan karotene yang perlu diberi perlakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang. Karotenoid merupakan bahan penting yang diperlukan pada hewan dan manusia guna memperkuat tanggapan terhadap kekebalan, konversi ke vitamin A dan penangkapan gugus oksigen radikal. Dengan berkembangnya ketertarikan dalam mencari beta-karotene yang bersumber dari alam lain dan meningkatnya kesadaran untuk mencegah adanya pencemaran lingkungan, maka mendorong suatu industri untuk menggunakan CPO dan POME sebagai bahan baku untuk diekstrak karotenoidnya. Berbagai macam teknologi guna mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan kembali karotenoidnya. Makalah ini melaporkan dan membahas berbagai jenis teknologi yang telah dikembangkan guna mendapatkan kembali senyawa karotenoid dari kerusakan di dalam proses pemurnian minyak sawit secara komersial dan pengaruh beberapa perlakuan terhadap ekstrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid dari minyak sawit dan konsentrasi karotenoidnya. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid terdapat perbedaan, dan terdapat salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk esktrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid adalah menggunakan bahan pelarut. Pelarut yang digunakan mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam teknologi ekstrasi; namun pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak tersebut mempunyai persoalan karena berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan dan membahayakan cemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan jenis teknologi yang aman, ramah terhadap lingkungan dan biaya yang efektif untuk penggunaan pelarut merupakan hal penting sebelum dilakukan desain metode/teknologi alternatif untuk esktrasi karotenoid. Pola produk molekuler kimia merupakan salah satu metode yang saat ini menjadi lebih populer untuk mencari pelarut dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki sebelum diujicobakan. Kata kunci :    karotenoid, ekstrasi, pemisahan, teknologi, minyak sawit kasar, limbah industri pengolahan sawit.

scholarly journals Vitamin Analysis, Trace Elements Content, and Their Extractabilities in Tetrapleura tetraptera

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Oteng ◽  
John K. Otchere ◽  
Stephen Adusei ◽  
Richard Q. Mensah ◽  
Emmanuel Tei-Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Trace Element Content ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽  
Vitamin Analysis

Tetrapleura tetraptera is widely cherished in African traditional homes because of its alleged therapeutic and nutritional properties. This present study aimed at determining the levels of vitamin A, C, E, and beta-carotene and trace element (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Se, and Zn) concentrations and their extractabilities in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit (mixture of pulp and seeds) of T. tetraptera. The total trace element concentration of Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn and their extractabilities (%) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS), whereas UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to determine selenium concentration. The trace element content (mg/kg) based on dry weight in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit was Fe (162.00 ± 7.14, 115.00 ± 12.00, and 154.00 ± 25.20, respectively), Zn (31.60 ± 4.77, 43.40 ± 5.29, and 41.50 ± 8.97, respectively), Cu (16.10 ± 4.98, 11.90 ± 8.40, and 17.20 ± 14.50, respectively), Mn (55.30 ± 2.41, 156.00 ± 10.20, and 122.00 ± 5.29, respectively), Co (38.10 ± 6.40, 21.10 ± 7.15, and 44.00 ± 14.90, respectively), and Se (1.49 ± 0.17, 2.43 ± 0.28, and 2.97 ± 0.27 μg/g, respectively). The mineral extractabilities (%) in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera were established to be in the order Co > Zn > Fe > Cu > Se > Mn. Also, the chromatographic method (HPLC) was used to evaluate vitamin E concentration, and vitamin C and concentration of beta-carotene were calculated from the obtained concentration of vitamin A using a conversion factor by the titrimetric method. From the results of vitamin analysis, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit for vitamin C and E. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was perceived among these plant parts for vitamin A and beta-carotene. This study has therefore revealed that the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera contain varying concentrations of vitamins and trace elements and has given many vital insights on which part of T. tetraptera to consume, as concentrations of these nutrients differ in the discrete parts of the fruit.

Effect of beta-Carotene Supplementation on Plasma and Yolk IgY Levels Induced by NDV Vaccination in Japanese Quail

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiss ◽  
Bárdos ◽  
Szabó ◽  
Lengyel ◽  
Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Group A ◽  
Higher Doses

Newly hatched Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks were fed diets containing different levels of retinoids (vitamin A) or beta-carotene. Group A received a commercial diet containing 10000 IU vitamin A per kilogram. The diets of Groups B, C, and D contained no vitamin A but were supplemented with 1-, 2.5-, and 5-fold retinol equivalents of beta-carotene. Each group contained 16 quails in a 1:1 sex ratio. At 8 weeks of age the quails were immunized orally with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Boosters were given three times at two-week intervals. Blood samples were taken at two-week intervals until 14 weeks of age. The anti-NDV IgY titre was determined by a locally developed direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Groups A and B showed nearly the same antibody response. This indicates that the preformed vitamin A and the equivalent beta-carotene have the same immunomodulatory effect. Groups receiving higher doses of beta-carotene (Groups C and D) exhibited significantly higher plasma IgY levels compared to Groups A and B. The results indicate that elevated doses of beta-carotene have a slight effect on the adaptive immune response in Japanese quail.

Intestinal helminth infection and its effect on vitamin - A, E and beta-carotene among nepalese

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
S.K. Rai ◽  
M. Nakanishi ◽  
M.P. Upadhyay ◽  
K. Hirai ◽  
Y. Ohno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Intestinal Helminth
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