scholarly journals How to trick a plant pathogen?

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Adachi ◽  
Aleksandra Białas ◽  
Sophien Kamoun
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Plant Genomes ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Plant Immune System ◽  
History Of

Plants can get sick too. In fact, they get infected by all types of microbes and little critters. But plants have evolved an effective immune system to fight off pathogen invasion. Amazingly, nearly every single plant cell is able to protect itself and its neighbours against infections. The plant immune system gets switched on when one of its many immune receptors matches a ligand in the pathogen. As a consequence of a long evolutionary history of fighting off pathogens, immune receptors are now encoded by hundreds of genes that populate the majority of plant genomes. Understanding how the plant immune system functions and how it has evolved can give invaluable insights that would benefit modern agriculture and help breeding disease-resistant crops.

scholarly journals Evolutionary History of LTR Retrotransposon Chromodomains in Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Novikov ◽  
Georgiy Smyshlyaev ◽  
Olga Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Ltr Retrotransposon ◽  
Ltr Retrotransposons ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Plant Genomes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Computer Based

Chromodomain-containing LTR retrotransposons are one of the most successful groups of mobile elements in plant genomes. Previously, we demonstrated that two types of chromodomains (CHDs) are carried by plant LTR retrotransposons. Chromodomains from group I (CHD_I) were detected only in Tcn1-like LTR retrotransposons from nonseed plants such as mosses (including the model moss species Physcomitrella) and lycophytes (the Selaginella species). LTR retrotransposon chromodomains from group II (CHD_II) have been described from a wide range of higher plants. In the present study, we performed computer-based mining of plant LTR retrotransposon CHDs from diverse plants with an emphasis on spike-moss Selaginella. Our extended comparative and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that two types of CHDs are present only in the Selaginella genome, which puts this species in a unique position among plants. It appears that a transition from CHD_I to CHD_II and further diversification occurred in the evolutionary history of plant LTR retrotransposons at approximately 400 MYA and most probably was associated with the evolution of chromatin organization.

Evolution of Plant NLRs: From Natural History to Precise Modifications

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Tamborski ◽  
Ksenia V. Krasileva
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Plant Immune System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Shed Light

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) monitor the plant intracellular environment for signs of pathogen infection. Several mechanisms of NLR-mediated immunity arose independently across multiple species. These include the functional specialization of NLRs into sensors and helpers, the independent emergence of direct and indirect recognition within NLR subfamilies, the regulation of NLRs by small RNAs, and the formation of NLR networks. Understanding the evolutionary history of NLRs can shed light on both the origin of pathogen recognition and the common constraints on the plant immune system. Attempts to engineer disease resistance have been sparse and rarely informed by evolutionary knowledge. In this review, we discuss the evolution of NLRs, give an overview of previous engineering attempts, and propose how to use evolutionary knowledge to advance future research in the generation of novel disease-recognition capabilities.

scholarly journals Evolution of molecular pathways of Tregs mediated Suppression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Edwar Mickael
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Mining System ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Sequence Reconstruction ◽  
Treg Suppression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tree Building

Treg suppression of conventional T cells is a fundamental step in regulating the adaptive immune system function. It is known that Treg first appeared in vertebrates. However little is known about the evolutionary history of suppression pathways mediated by Tregs. We employed AI text mining system to highlight the suppression pathways currently known to be utilized by Tregs. Our system identified various pathways such as CTLA4, induction of apoptosis, calcium signaling, inhibition of NfkB and NFAT. After that we employed phylogenetic analysis including multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree building, ancestral sequence reconstruction, neutrality tests and positive selection test to investigate the evolutionary history of Treg mediated pathways in more details. We found that CTLA4 first appeared in vertebrates possibly rising from an IGV containing protein in cartilaginous fish. Conversely, we found that Tregs repurposed ancient pathways such as Calcineurin and CAMP Response Element Modulator that both exists as far as amoeba. Interestingly we found that these two pathways were highly conserved between vertebrates and lower invertebrates indicating conservation of function. Taken together, our research indicate that Tregs evolved its regulatory systems that evolved in vertebrates as well as reused conserved ancient regulatory systems that are related to the innate immune system.

scholarly journals A molecular roadmap to the plant immune system

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (44) ◽  
pp. 14916-14935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Bentham ◽  
Juan Carlos De la Concepcion ◽  
Nitika Mukhi ◽  
Rafał Zdrzałek ◽  
Markus Draeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Plant Immune System ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
And Function

Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security. Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (e.g. application of pesticides) have significant agricultural, economic, and societal impacts. Therefore, it is essential that we understand the molecular mechanisms of the plant immune system, a system that allows plants to resist attack from a wide variety of organisms ranging from viruses to insects. Here, we provide a roadmap to plant immunity, with a focus on cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. We describe how these receptors perceive signatures of pathogens and pests and initiate immune pathways. We merge existing concepts with new insights gained from recent breakthroughs on the structure and function of plant immune receptors, which have generated a shift in our understanding of cell-surface and intracellular immunity and the interplay between the two. Finally, we use our current understanding of plant immunity as context to discuss the potential of engineering the plant immune system with the aim of bolstering plant defenses against disease.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

PERAN IBU DALAM PENINGKATAN SISTEM IMUN ANAK DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Cindy Ayustin Noya ◽  
Angkit Kinasih ◽  
Venti Agustina ◽  
R.Rr Maria Dyah Kurniasari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut atau yang sering disebut ISPA merupakan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan baik saluran pernafasan atas atau bawah.ISPA juga kebanyakan terjadi pada anak balita karena daya tahan tubuh mereka tidak kuat dalam menghadapi penyakit ISPA. ISPA mengakibatkan kematiansekitar15%-20% per tahun pada usia balita di Negara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa peran ibu dalam meningkatkan sistem imun anak dengan ISPA.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan sampel purposive sampling.Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak dengan riwayat dan saat ini menderita penyakit ISPA di Batu Gajah Kota Ambon.Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian mendapati 4 kategori yaitu pemberian nutrisi pada anak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan agar sistem imunnya terjaga, kebersihan lingkungan, peran ibu dalam melakukan pencegahan pada anaknya yang mengalami ISPA, dan  peran ibu dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan kesehatan anaknya.   Kata kunci: peran ibu, sistem imun, ispa THE ROLE OF MOTHERS IN INCREASING IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION    ABSTRACT Acute respiratory infections or often called ARI is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. ARI occurs mostly in children under the age of five because their endurance is not strong in dealing with ARI. ARI results in deaths of around 15%-20% per year at the age of under-five in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of mothers in improving the immune system of children against ARI. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive with a purposive sampling sample. Respondents and samples of this study were five mothers who had children with a history of ARI and currently suffering from the disease in Batu Gajah, Ambon City. The results of the study found 4 categories, namely providing nutrition to children to meet their needs so that their immune systems are maintained, clean environment, mother's role in preventing children with ARI, and mother's role to preserve and maintain the health of their children. The findings indicated that in terms of coping or improving the immune system of a child to avoid ARI, it is necessary to have role the of mothers in providing nutrition so that the immune system is boosted, besides that the mother can prevent and protect her child from various diseases, especially ARI. Keywords: role of mothers, immune system, acute respiratory infections

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