scholarly journals To code or not to code? That is the question for RNA in timekeeping

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Mosig ◽  
Shihoko Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Cellular Biology ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Clock System ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Elementary cellular biology teaches that proteins are the main actors within cells. In addition, the DNA carries genetic information and the mRNA serves as the go-between molecule to create protein using the genetic code from the DNA. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have revealed that a large portion of our DNA is transcribed even though it does not appear to encode proteins. Further studies have shown that many of these non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) serve regulatory functions within cells. Here, we examine the role of such molecules in the regulation of the circadian clock system as illustration of the wider ways in which ncRNAs can influence cellular processes.

scholarly journals The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Proto-Oncogene MYC in Different Types of Cancer

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mikhailovna Stasevich ◽  
Matvey Mikhailovich Murashko ◽  
Lyudmila Sergeevna Zinevich ◽  
Denis Eriksonovich Demin ◽  
Anton Markovich Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Myc Gene ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Tumor Types

Alterations in the expression level of the MYC gene are often found in the cells of various malignant tumors. Overexpressed MYC has been shown to stimulate the main processes of oncogenesis: uncontrolled growth, unlimited cell divisions, avoidance of apoptosis and immune response, changes in cellular metabolism, genomic instability, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Thus, controlling the expression of MYC is considered as an approach for targeted cancer treatment. Since c-Myc is also a crucial regulator of many cellular processes in healthy cells, it is necessary to find ways for selective regulation of MYC expression in tumor cells. Many recent studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNAs play an important role in the regulation of the transcription and translation of this gene and some RNAs directly interact with the c-Myc protein, affecting its stability. In this review, we summarize current data on the regulation of MYC by various non-coding RNAs that can potentially be targeted in specific tumor types.

scholarly journals Exosomic microRNAs as emerging key regulators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and beyond

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Murtadha ◽  
Muller Fabbri
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Functions

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs with key gene regulatory functions. Recent evidence has shown that miRs have a central role in shaping the biology of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). The discovery that some exosomes contain high levels of miR cargo that shuttle between cells and mediate intercellular cross-talk has shifted the focus of miR research towards understanding the biological role of exosomic miRs. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of exosomic miRs in molding the tumor microenvironment towards pro-tumor conditions by altering intercellular communication. We briefly discuss some mechanisms of selective loading of miRs into exosomes, as well as emerging evidence that exosomic miRs are present in all biological fluids. Furthermore, we describe the differences in the exosomic miR signatures between cancer patients and healthy controls, and the potential role of exosomic miRs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers.

scholarly journals The Role of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Methylation Modifications in Hematological Malignancies

Cancers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Hongling Peng
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Epigenetics is identified as the study of heritable modifications in gene expression and regulation that do not involve DNA sequence alterations, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, etc. Importantly, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification is one of the most common epigenetic modifications of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), which plays a key role in various cellular processes. It can not only mediate various RNA metabolic processes such as RNA splicing, translation, and decay under the catalytic regulation of related enzymes but can also affect the normal development of bone marrow hematopoiesis by regulating the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in the hematopoietic microenvironment of bone marrow. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that m6A methylation modifications play an important role in the development and progression of hematologic malignancies (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndromes [MDS], multiple myeloma [MM], etc.). Targeting the inhibition of m6A-associated factors can contribute to increased susceptibility of patients with hematologic malignancies to therapeutic agents. Therefore, this review elaborates on the biological characteristics and normal hematopoietic regulatory functions of m6A methylation modifications and their role in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies.

scholarly journals Role of KaiC phosphorylation in the circadian clock system of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (38) ◽  
pp. 13927-13932 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nishiwaki ◽  
Y. Satomi ◽  
M. Nakajima ◽  
C. Lee ◽  
R. Kiyohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Synechococcus Elongatus ◽  
Clock System ◽  
Synechococcus Elongatus Pcc 7942 ◽  
Pcc 7942

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Plant Defense Against Fungal Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2659
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Huan Guo ◽  
Weiguo Hu ◽  
Wanquan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Growing interest and recent evidence have identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as the potential regulatory elements for eukaryotes. LncRNAs can activate various transcriptional and post-transcriptional events that impact cellular functions though multiple regulatory functions. Recently, a large number of lncRNAs have also been identified in higher plants, and an understanding of their functional role in plant resistance to infection is just emerging. Here, we focus on their identification in crop plant, and discuss their potential regulatory functions and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in plant pathogen stress responses, referring to possible examples in a model plant. The knowledge gained from a deeper understanding of this colossal special group of plant lncRNAs will help in the biotechnological improvement of crops.

scholarly journals lncRNA and Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Cancers of the Genitourinary System

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik A. Barth ◽  
Jaroslav Juracek ◽  
Ondrej Slaby ◽  
Martin Pichler ◽  
George A. Calin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Genitourinary System ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Available systemic treatment options for cancers of the genitourinary system have experienced great progress in the last decade. However, a large proportion of patients eventually develop resistance to treatment, resulting in disease progression and shorter overall survival. Biomarkers indicating the increasing resistance to cancer therapies are yet to enter clinical routine. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are non-protein coding RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that exert multiple types of regulatory functions of all known cellular processes. Increasing evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in cancer development and progression. Additionally, their involvement in the development of drug resistance across various cancer entities, including genitourinary malignancies, are starting to be discovered. Consequently, lncRNAs have been suggested as factors in novel therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in cancer. In this review, the existing evidences on lncRNAs and their involvement in mechanisms of drug resistance in cancers of the genitourinary system, including renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer, will be highlighted and discussed to facilitate and encourage further research in this field. We summarize a significant number of lncRNAs with proposed pathways in drug resistance and available reported studies.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs: Emerging Players in Muscular Dystrophies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germana Falcone ◽  
Alessandra Perfetti ◽  
Beatrice Cardinali ◽  
Fabio Martelli
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Potential Use

The fascinating world of noncoding RNAs has recently come to light, thanks to the development of powerful sequencing technologies, revealing a variety of RNA molecules playing important regulatory functions in most, if not all, cellular processes. Many noncoding RNAs have been implicated in regulatory networks that are determinant for skeletal muscle differentiation and disease. In this review, we outline the noncoding RNAs involved in physiological mechanisms of myogenesis and those that appear dysregulated in muscle dystrophies, also discussing their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Genetic code and number theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branko Dragovich
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Universe

Living organisms are the most complex, interesting and significant objects regarding all substructures of the universe. Life science is regarded as a science of the 21st century and one can expect great new discoveries in the near futures. This article contains an introductory brief review of genetic information, its coding and translation of genes to proteins through the genetic code. Some theoretical approaches to the modelling of the genetic code are presented. In particular, connection of the genetic code with number theory is considered and the role of p-adic numbers is underlined.

The role of the circadian clock system in physiology

2018 ◽  
Vol 470 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violetta Pilorz ◽  
Charlotte Helfrich-Förster ◽  
Henrik Oster
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Clock System

scholarly journals The Contribution of Autophagy and LncRNAs to MYC-Driven Gene Regulatory Networks in Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8527
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiri ◽  
Perla Pucci ◽  
Tala Ishola ◽  
Ricky M. Trigg ◽  
John A. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Networks ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cancer Genomes ◽  
Mutual Regulation ◽  
Myc Gene ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

MYC is a target of the Wnt signalling pathway and governs numerous cellular and developmental programmes hijacked in cancers. The amplification of MYC is a frequently occurring genetic alteration in cancer genomes, and this transcription factor is implicated in metabolic reprogramming, cell death, and angiogenesis in cancers. In this review, we analyse MYC gene networks in solid cancers. We investigate the interaction of MYC with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Furthermore, we investigate the role of MYC regulatory networks in inducing changes to cellular processes, including autophagy and mitophagy. Finally, we review the interaction and mutual regulation between MYC and lncRNAs, and autophagic processes and analyse these networks as unexplored areas of targeting and manipulation for therapeutic gain in MYC-driven malignancies.

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