ABSTRACTAntisense (as)lncRNAs can regulate gene expression but the underlying mechanisms and the different cofactors involved remain unclear. Using Native Elongating Transcript sequencing, here we show that stabilization of antisense Exo2-sensitivite IncRNAs (XUTs) results in the attenuation, at the nascent transcription level, of a subset of highly expressed genes displaying prominent promoter-proximal nucleosome depletion and histone acetylation. Mechanistic investigations on the catalase genectt1revealed that its induction following oxidative stress is impaired in Exo2-deficient cells, correlating with the accumulation of an asXUT. Interestingly, expression of this asXUT was also activated in wild-type cells upon oxidative stress, concomitant toctt1induction, indicating a potential attenuation feedback. This attenuation correlates with asXUT abundance, it is transcriptional, characterized by low RNAPII-ser5 phosphorylation, and it requires an histone deacetylase activity and the conserved Set2 histone methyltransferase. Finally, we identified Dicer as another RNA processing factor acting onctt1induction, but independently of Exo2. We propose that asXUTs could modulate the expression of their paired-sense genes when it exceeds a critical threshold, using a conserved mechanism independent of RNAi.AUTHOR SUMMARYExamples of regulatory antisense (as)lncRNAs acting on gene expression have been reported in multiple model organisms. However, despite their regulatory importance, aslncRNAs have been poorly studied, and the molecular bases for aslncRNAs-mediated regulation remain incomplete. One reason for the lack of global information on aslncRNAs appears to be their low cellular abundance. Indeed, our previous studies in budding and fission yeasts revealed that aslncRNAs are actively degraded by the Xrn1/Exo2-dependent cytoplasmic 5′-3′ RNA decay pathway. Using a combination of single-gene and genome-wide analyses in fission yeast, here we report that the stabilization of a set of Exo2-sensitive aslncRNAs correlates with attenuation of paired-sense genes transcription. Our work provides fundamental insights into the mechanism by which aslncRNAs could regulate gene expression. It also highlights for the first time that the level of sense gene transcription and the presence of specific chromatin features could define the potential of aslncRNA-mediated attenuation, raising the idea that aslncRNAs only attenuate those genes with expression levels above a “regulatory threshold”. This opens novel perspectives regarding what the potential determinants of aslncRNA-dependent regulation, as previous models in budding yeast rather proposed that aslncRNA-mediated repression is restricted to lowly expressed genes.
Epigenetics on the brain: Modifying chromatin and behaviour