scholarly journals Cures from the ends of the earth: Novel thermostable enzymes and the pharmaceutical industry

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Littlechild
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Thermostable Enzymes ◽  
Fine Chemical ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Hyperthermophilic Organisms

Enzymes that are found naturally in thermophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms are being used as robust biocatalysts in the fine-chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Knowledge of their biochemical properties and three-dimeasional structures has proved invaluable in understanding their mechanism and in optimizing their commercial use.

Natural methods of protein stabilization: thermostable biocatalysts

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1558-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Littlechild ◽  
J. Guy ◽  
S. Connelly ◽  
L. Mallett ◽  
S. Waddell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Protein Stabilization ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Fine Chemical ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Hyperthermophilic Organisms

Enzymes that are naturally found in thermophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms are being used as robust biocatalysts in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. They have important use in these industries due to their increased stability which is often required during commercial reaction conditions. The approach used in these studies is to learn how nature has managed to stabilize these proteins using a detailed knowledge of their biochemical properties and three-dimensional structures. This is illustrated with several different classes of enzyme that have been studied at Exeter. These include alcohol dehydrogenase, aminoacylase, pyroglutamyl carboxypeptidase, γ-lactamase, dehalogenase and lysophospholipase.

Determining the structure of pharmaceutical industry in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Sara Emamgholipour ◽  
Lotfali Agheli
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Purpose As the pharmaceutical industry is one of the key sectors of the health-care system, the identification of its structure is of particular importance. This paper aims to determine the structure of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran to provide appropriate solutions for pricing and regulation by policymakers. Iran is a growing pharmaceutical market with over $4bn in sales, so the supply side needs to be examined to meet the domestic consumption. Design/methodology/approach This research is a descriptive and retrospective analytical study which examines the Iranian pharmaceutical industry through library studies and using pharmaceutical data of the country’s Food and Drug Administration during 1992-2016. Due to data availability in firm level, the concentration ratio of N leading firms and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are used to measure the concentration of the pharmaceutical market in 2014 and 2016. Findings The results show that pharmaceutical manufacturing, importing companies and distributing companies play roles in monopolistic competition market, loose oligopoly market and oligopoly market, respectively. For all companies, the magnitudes of Herfindahl–Hirschman indices indicate non-competitive settings. As a result, these companies set their own prices, and market demand affects their sales. In addition, demand for medicines is shaped in the form of supply-induced demand. Research limitations/implications This research was accomplished with no computational limitation. However, it was confined to only one country, one industry and the mentioned period of study. Practical implications The pharmaceutical manufacturers have no influence on medicine prices, and government pricing regulations lessen the market power of such market agents. However, the easy entry to and exit from market stimulate producers to participate in manufacturing activities. The pharmaceutical importers may expand their imports in response to entry new actors; however, the new entrants weaken the coordination on pricing decisions. Social implications As pharmaceutical distributers act in an oligopoly market, they can collude, reduce competition and lower the welfare of pharmaceutical consumers. In such conditions, high investment requirements and economies of scale may discourage the entry of new firms. Originality/value Although there are various studies on market structure in non-pharmaceutical industries, this study is a new effort to measure concentration in the Iranian pharmaceutical market and to determine its structure.

scholarly journals Comparative Advantages of National Pharmaceutical Industries through the Prism of New Indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
O. B. Salikhova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Market ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Production Facilities

Specific ways of the emergence of new actors in the global market of pharmaceutical goods is investigated, with substantiating the role of transnational corporations (TNC), their investment and technologies in establishing pharmaceutical industries in developing countries. The cases of Puerto Rico and Ireland are taken in order to demonstrate the background for expansion of manufacturing of medicines and medical products and analyze the tendencies in their export capacity building. The factors making pharmaceutical TNC transfer production facilities to India and China are substantiated and implications of this process are highlighted. It is revealed that due to the production internationalization, countries that had been net importers of pharmaceuticals just several decades ago have joined the group of key suppliers to external markets. Because American and European TNC are leading in the pharmaceutical industry by R&D expenditure, they are the principal holders of advanced technologies in the industry. It follows that manufacturing of medicines and medical products in most part of countries either directly or indirectly depend on innovative products of TNC and their technology transfer via various channels (both licensing and imports of components, active pharmaceutical ingredients in particular). It is shown that with the emergence of new market actors coming from developing countries, traditional approaches to determining comparative advantages of counties in the global trade need to be improved. The cases of countries that are recipients of foreign technologies, on which territories powerful high tech pharmaceutical production facilities with high shares of intermediate consumption and heavy export supplies are located due to TNC investment or local public-private capital, give evidence that the classical RCA indicator allows to measure visible comparative advantages in the trade in goods rather than revealed ones. It is proposed that analyses of advantages at country level should include the indicator of high tech goods supplies, to provide for a more accurate description of the innovation component in advanced industries. A new approach to the assessment of comparative advantages of high tech pharmaceutical manufacturing is proposed and tested, which is based on the principle of specialization and use of the ratio of Comparative Advantage in Value Added Activity (CAVA) in particular. It is revealed that the pharmaceutical industry of Ireland, Jordan, Singapore, India or Columbia, with reliance on foreign investment and technologies, could gain advantages in value added creation and dominate the national economies. It is shown that Ukraine is enhancing the advantages in value added creation in the pharmaceutical industry; is it substantiated that due to low R&D and innovation performance and heavy dependence on imported components, capacity building of this industry and its current advantages result from global tendencies and global market conjunctures rather than from the implementation of the national science & technology priorities. According to the author’s recommendation, the proposed approach to determining comparative advantages in value added creation should be used for the assessment of other high tech industries, apart from the pharmaceutical industry, and that is should be supplemented by statistical tools for analysis of foreign trade in finished and intermediate high tech goods.

scholarly journals Ethical Relation between Physicians and Pharmaceutical Industries in the Perspectives of Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shahinul Alam ◽  
Nahiduz Saman ◽  
Monsur Hallaj Hallaj ◽  
Jahangir Ul Alam ◽  
Shoaib Momen Majumder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Relation ◽  
Guide Line ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
The Right

Relation between physicians and pharmaceutical industry is required for the benefit of the patient. But it may turn into business and overthrow the patients’ benefit. The relation might be in question at present and in future. Several questions are flowing in Bangladesh. To solve these queries we have explored the situation in developed and developing countries. The physicians and associations of pharmaceutical industries developed several ethical guidelines in those countries. They have addressed the long lasting issues on gift provided to physician, cash back, sample, industry sponsored scientific meetings, research and hospitality. There are huge restrictions to ensure the right of the patient’s e.g. limitation of inexpensive gift by the pharmaceuticals, avoiding expensive medicine instead of equally effective low priced medicine. We are lacking behind to protect the patient right properly: regulation, adherence to existing guide line, lack of guidance from statutory bodies. The current scenario is far behind the right of patient. In Bangladesh it is not yet addressed either by professionals or by pharmaceutical associations. It is the immediate need to construct a guide line for physicians and pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh.Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2015 Vol.6 (1):1-5

Microreactor Technology: A Revolution for the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries?

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Roberge ◽  
L. Ducry ◽  
N. Bieler ◽  
P. Cretton ◽  
B. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Fine Chemical ◽  
Microreactor Technology ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Phase equilibrium data needs of fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 313-324
Author(s):  
K. Venkateswara Rao ◽  
A. Ravi Prasad ◽  
C. Chiranjivi ◽  
G.J.V.J. Raju
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Phase Equilibrium Data ◽  
Fine Chemical ◽  
Equilibrium Data

scholarly journals Validation – In pharmaceutical industry: Equipment validation: A brief review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Diksha Jindal ◽  
Hardeep Kaur ◽  
Rajesh Kumari Patil ◽  
Hanumanthrao Chadershekar Patil
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Expected Result ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Process Method

Validation is the procedure which authorizing documentary evidences that prove, the following process/ method or activity will consistently produce the product which leads to the expected result (predetermined requirements). The validation program in pharmaceutical industries involves various components which are related to processing, cleaning, facilities, equipment, or instrumentation. In this review article, we will go through a brief discussion about one of the most preferred method of validation which is equipment validation. In equipment validation, we will discuss about its types in detail, what kind of documentation is required and applications/importance of validation in pharmaceutical industry. Nowadays, equipment validation becomes the regulatory requirement for pharmaceutical companies to precede the validation of new equipment’s/instruments. Meanwhile, the process of validation requires detailed knowledge of that instrument which is going to validated; therefore, the validation is usually performed by the company which supply that equipment.

scholarly journals Intellectual Capital and Financial Performance: Comparison With Financial and Pharmaceutical Industries in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bing Zhang ◽  
Tran Phuong Duc ◽  
Eugene Burgos Mutuc ◽  
Fu-Sheng Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

This study investigates the impacts of intellectual capital through Value-Added Intellectual Capital (VAIC) and its components: human capital efficiency (HCE) and structural capital efficiency (SCE) on financial performance in terms of return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). In addition, this study compares the effects between firms from financial and pharmaceutical industries. A total of 149 Vietnamese firms comprising of 108 financial firms and 41 pharmaceutical firms were examined. Based on the findings, VAIC and HCE show beneficial impacts on both financial performance measures, ROA, and ROE. However, SCE shows adverse and beneficial implications on ROA and ROE, respectively. In terms of industry comparison, VAIC has positive effects on ROA and ROE among the firms from financial industry, whereas it has no effect in the firms from pharmaceutical industry. The effect of HCE on ROA is stronger in the firms from financial industry than firms from pharmaceutical industry while the effect of HCE on ROE is stronger in the firms from pharmaceutical industry than firms from financial industry. The effect of SCE on ROA is stronger in the pharmaceutical firms than financial firms while the effect of SCE on ROE is stronger in the financial firms than pharmaceutical firms. Lastly, the implications of the importance of knowledge-based resources on value creation were elaborated.

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