scholarly journals Molecular control of stomatal development

2018 ◽  
Vol 475 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Zoulias ◽  
Emily L. Harrison ◽  
Stuart A. Casson ◽  
Julie E. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Receptor Interactions ◽  
Kinase Cascade

Plants have evolved developmental plasticity which allows the up- or down-regulation of photosynthetic and water loss capacities as new leaves emerge. This developmental plasticity enables plants to maximise fitness and to survive under differing environments. Stomata play a pivotal role in this adaptive process. These microscopic pores in the epidermis of leaves control gas exchange between the plant and its surrounding environment. Stomatal development involves regulated cell fate decisions that ensure optimal stomatal density and spacing, enabling efficient gas exchange. The cellular patterning process is regulated by a complex signalling pathway involving extracellular ligand–receptor interactions, which, in turn, modulate the activity of three master transcription factors essential for the formation of stomata. Here, we review the current understanding of the biochemical interactions between the epidermal patterning factor ligands and the ERECTA family of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. We discuss how this leads to activation of a kinase cascade, regulation of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS and its relatives, and ultimately alters stomatal production.

scholarly journals Grasses use an alternatively wired bHLH transcription factor network to establish stomatal identity

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (29) ◽  
pp. 8326-8331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Raissig ◽  
Emily Abrash ◽  
Akhila Bettadapur ◽  
John P. Vogel ◽  
Dominique C. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Factor Module ◽  
Forward Genetic Screens ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
And Behavior

Stomata, epidermal valves facilitating plant–atmosphere gas exchange, represent a powerful model for understanding cell fate and pattern in plants. Core basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors regulating stomatal development were identified in Arabidopsis, but this dicot’s developmental pattern and stomatal morphology represent only one of many possibilities in nature. Here, using unbiased forward genetic screens, followed by analysis of reporters and engineered mutants, we show that stomatal initiation in the grass Brachypodium distachyon uses orthologs of stomatal regulators known from Arabidopsis but that the function and behavior of individual genes, the relationships among genes, and the regulation of their protein products have diverged. Our results highlight ways in which a kernel of conserved genes may be alternatively wired to produce diversity in patterning and morphology and suggest that the stomatal transcription factor module is a prime target for breeding or genome modification to improve plant productivity.

scholarly journals Hand2 inhibits kidney specification while promoting vein formation within the posterior mesoderm

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot A Perens ◽  
Zayra V Garavito-Aguilar ◽  
Gina P Guio-Vega ◽  
Karen T Peña ◽  
Yocheved L Schindler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Lateral Boundary ◽  
Zinc Finger Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Intermediate Mesoderm ◽  
Vein Formation

Proper organogenesis depends upon defining the precise dimensions of organ progenitor territories. Kidney progenitors originate within the intermediate mesoderm (IM), but the pathways that set the boundaries of the IM are poorly understood. Here, we show that the bHLH transcription factor Hand2 limits the size of the embryonic kidney by restricting IM dimensions. The IM is expanded in zebrafish hand2 mutants and is diminished when hand2 is overexpressed. Within the posterior mesoderm, hand2 is expressed laterally adjacent to the IM. Venous progenitors arise between these two territories, and hand2 promotes venous development while inhibiting IM formation at this interface. Furthermore, hand2 and the co-expressed zinc-finger transcription factor osr1 have functionally antagonistic influences on kidney development. Together, our data suggest that hand2 functions in opposition to osr1 to balance the formation of kidney and vein progenitors by regulating cell fate decisions at the lateral boundary of the IM.

scholarly journals Hand2 Inhibits Kidney Specification While Promoting Vein Formation Within the Posterior Mesoderm

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot A. Perens ◽  
Zayra V. Garavito-Aguilar ◽  
Gina P. Guio-Vega ◽  
Karen T. Peña ◽  
Yocheved L. Schindler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Lateral Boundary ◽  
Zinc Finger Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Intermediate Mesoderm ◽  
Vein Formation

AbstractProper organogenesis depends upon defining the precise dimensions of organ progenitor territories. Kidney progenitors originate within the intermediate mesoderm (IM), but the pathways that set the boundaries of the IM are poorly understood. Here, we show that the bHLH transcription factor Hand2 limits the size of the embryonic kidneyby restricting IM dimensions. The IM is expanded in zebrafish hand2 mutants and is diminished when hand2 is overexpressed. Within the posterior mesoderm, hand2 is expressed laterally adjacent to the IM. Venous progenitors arise between these two territories, and hand2 promotes venous development while inhibiting IM formation at this interface. Furthermore, hand2 and the co-expressed zinc-finger transcription factor osr1 have functionally antagonistic influences on kidney development. Together, our data suggest that hand2 functions in opposition to osr1 to balance the formation of kidney and vein progenitors by regulating cell fate decisions at the lateral boundary of the IM.IMPACT STATEMENTThe Hand2 transcription factor regulates the dimensions of the kidney by controlling cell fate decisions at the interface between organ fields.

scholarly journals Developmental plasticity, cell fate specification and morphogenesis in the early mouse embryo

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1657) ◽  
pp. 20130538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Bedzhov ◽  
Sarah J. L. Graham ◽  
Chuen Yan Leung ◽  
Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions

A critical point in mammalian development is when the early embryo implants into its mother's uterus. This event has historically been difficult to study due to the fact that it occurs within the maternal tissue and therefore is hidden from view. In this review, we discuss how the mouse embryo is prepared for implantation and the molecular mechanisms involved in directing and coordinating this crucial event. Prior to implantation, the cells of the embryo are specified as precursors of future embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. These preimplantation cell fate decisions rely on a combination of factors including cell polarity, position and cell–cell signalling and are influenced by the heterogeneity between early embryo cells. At the point of implantation, signalling events between the embryo and mother, and between the embryonic and extraembryonic compartments of the embryo itself, orchestrate a total reorganization of the embryo, coupled with a burst of cell proliferation. New developments in embryo culture and imaging techniques have recently revealed the growth and morphogenesis of the embryo at the time of implantation, leading to a new model for the blastocyst to egg cylinder transition. In this model, pluripotent cells that will give rise to the fetus self-organize into a polarized three-dimensional rosette-like structure that initiates egg cylinder formation.

scholarly journals Derepressed Hyphal Growth and Reduced Virulence in a VH1 Family-related Protein Phosphatase Mutant of the Human PathogenCandida albicans

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2539-2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csilla Csank ◽  
Constantin Makris ◽  
Sylvain Meloche ◽  
Klaus Schröppel ◽  
Martin Röllinghoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Map Kinase ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Filamentous Form ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Map Kinase Cascade ◽  
Dual Specificity ◽  
Kinase Cascade

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are pivotal components of eukaryotic signaling cascades. Phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues activates MAP kinases, but either dual-specificity or monospecificity phosphatases can inactivate them. The Candida albicans CPP1 gene, a structural member of the VH1 family of dual- specificity phosphatases, was previously cloned by its ability to block the pheromone response MAP kinase cascade in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cpp1p inactivated mammalian MAP kinases in vitro and acted as a tyrosine-specific enzyme. In C. albicansa MAP kinase cascade can trigger the transition from the budding yeast form to a more invasive filamentous form. Disruption of theCPP1 gene in C. albicans derepressed the yeast to hyphal transition at ambient temperatures, on solid surfaces. A hyphal growth rate defect under physiological conditions in vitro was also observed and could explain a reduction in virulence associated with reduced fungal burden in the kidneys seen in a systemic mouse model. A hyper-hyphal pathway may thus have some detrimental effects onC. albicans cells. Disruption of the MAP kinase homologue CEK1 suppressed the morphological effects of the CPP1 disruption in C. albicans. The results presented here demonstrate the biological importance of a tyrosine phosphatase in cell-fate decisions and virulence in C. albicans.

scholarly journals Stomatal Lineage Control by Developmental Program and Environmental Cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soon-Ki Han ◽  
June M. Kwak ◽  
Xingyun Qi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Stomatal Lineage

Stomata are micropores that allow plants to breathe and play a critical role in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by regulating gas exchange and transpiration. Stomatal development, therefore, is optimized for survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. Signaling cascades and transcriptional networks that determine the birth, proliferation, and differentiation of a stomate have been identified. These networks ensure proper stomatal patterning, density, and polarity. Environmental cues also influence stomatal development. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the developmental program governing cell fate and dynamics of stomatal lineage cells at the cell state- or single-cell level. We also overview the control of stomatal development by environmental cues as well as developmental plasticity associated with stomatal function and physiology. Recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development will provide a route to improving photosynthesis and water-stress resilience of crop plants in the climate change we currently face.

Systems analysis of MAPK signal transduction

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Blüthgen ◽  
Stefan Legewie
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Kinase Cascade ◽  
Extracellular Stimuli

For more than a decade, the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade has been studied using mathematical modelling and quantitative experimentation [1]. The MAPK cascade relays the presence of extracellular stimuli such as growth hormones to the nucleus and controls the expression of hundreds of genes. MAPKs control major cell fate decisions such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, mainly by inducing alterations in gene expression. In this chapter, we discuss how systems biology analysis provides insights into the functioning of this cascade. We show how this pathway assists the cell in responding properly to extracellular cues by filtering out sub-threshold stimuli, while efficiently transmitting physiologically relevant inputs. Several different receptors signal through the MAPK pathway even though they elicit opposite biological responses, thus raising the question of how specificity is achieved in MAPK signalling. Experimental studies revealed that specific biological responses are encoded by quantitative aspects of the MAPK signal such as amplitude or duration. We discuss mechanisms that enable the pathway to generate quantitatively different signals, and also explain how different signals are interpreted by the downstream gene expression machinery.

scholarly journals Casein kinase 1 family proteins promote Slimb-dependent Expanded degradation

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander D Fulford ◽  
Maxine V Holder ◽  
David Frith ◽  
Ambrosius P Snijders ◽  
Nicolas Tapon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Kinase Cascade ◽  
Wing Imaginal Discs ◽  
Hippo Signalling

Hippo signalling integrates diverse stimuli related to epithelial architecture to regulate tissue growth and cell fate decisions. The Hippo kinase cascade represses the growth-promoting transcription co-activator Yorkie. The FERM protein Expanded is one of the main upstream Hippo signalling regulators in Drosophila as it promotes Hippo kinase signalling and directly inhibits Yorkie. To fulfil its function, Expanded is recruited to the plasma membrane by the polarity protein Crumbs. However, Crumbs-mediated recruitment also promotes Expanded turnover via a phosphodegron-mediated interaction with a Slimb/β-TrCP SCF E3 ligase complex. Here, we show that the Casein Kinase 1 (CKI) family is required for Expanded phosphorylation. CKI expression promotes Expanded phosphorylation and interaction with Slimb/β-TrCP. Conversely, CKI depletion in S2 cells impairs Expanded degradation downstream of Crumbs. In wing imaginal discs, CKI loss leads to elevated Expanded and Crumbs levels. Thus, phospho-dependent Expanded turnover ensures a tight coupling of Hippo pathway activity to epithelial architecture.

scholarly journals Regulation of stomatal development by stomatal lineage miRNAs

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 6237-6245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Zhu ◽  
Ji-Hwan Park ◽  
Seulbee Lee ◽  
Jae Ho Lee ◽  
Daehee Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Target Prediction ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Stomatal Lineage

Stomata in the plant epidermis play a critical role in growth and survival by controlling gas exchange, transpiration, and immunity to pathogens. Plants modulate stomatal cell fate and patterning through key transcriptional factors and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to contribute to developmental plasticity in multicellular organisms; however, no miRNAs appear to target the known regulators of stomatal development. It remains unclear as to whether miRNAs are involved in stomatal development. Here, we report highly dynamic, developmentally stage-specific miRNA expression profiles from stomatal lineage cells. We demonstrate that stomatal lineage miRNAs positively and negatively regulate stomatal formation and patterning to avoid clustered stomata. Target prediction of stomatal lineage miRNAs implicates potential cellular processes in stomatal development. We show that miR399-mediatedPHO2regulation, involved in phosphate homeostasis, contributes to the control of stomatal development. Our study demonstrates that miRNAs constitute a critical component in the regulatory mechanisms controlling stomatal development.

scholarly journals The commitment of barley microspores into embryogenesis involves miRNA-directed regulation of members of the SPL, GRF and HD-ZIPIII transcription factor families

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Bélanger ◽  
Patricia Baldrich ◽  
Marc-André Lemay ◽  
Suzanne Marchand ◽  
Patricio Esteves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Microspore Embryogenesis ◽  
Microspore Development ◽  
Degradome Analysis ◽  
Embryogenic Potential ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions

SUMMARYMicrospore embryogenesis is a model for developmental plasticity and cell fate decisions. To investigate the role of miRNAs in this development, we sequenced sRNAs and the degradome of barley microspores collected prior to (day 0) and after (days 2 and 5) the application of a stress treatment known to induce embryogenesis. Microspores isolated at these timepoints were uniform in both appearance and in their complements of sRNAs. We detected 68 miRNAs in microspores. The abundance of 51 of these miRNAs differed significantly during microspore development. One group of miRNAs was induced when the stress treatment was applied, prior to being repressed when microspores transitioned to embryogenesis. Another group of miRNAs were up-regulated in day-2 microspores and their abundance remained stable or increased in day-5 microspores, a timepoint at which the first clear indications of the transition towards embryogenesis were visible. Collectively, these miRNAs might play a role in the modulation of the stress response, the repression of gametic development, and/or the gain of embryogenic potential. A degradome analysis allowed us to validate the role of miRNAs in regulating 41 specific transcripts. We showed that the transition of microspores toward the embryogenesis pathway involves miRNA-directed regulation of members of the ARF, SPL, GRF and HD-ZIPIII transcription factor families. We noted that 41.5% of these targets were shared between day-2 and day-5 microspores while 26.8% were unique to day-5 microspores. The former set may act to disrupt transcripts involved in pollen development while the latter set may drive the commitment to embryogenesis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document