Structure and function of histone methylation-binding proteins in plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 473 (12) ◽  
pp. 1663-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanli Liu ◽  
Jinrong Min
Keyword(s):  
Histone Methylation ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Modifying Enzymes ◽  
Covalent Modifications ◽  
And Function

Post-translational modifications of histones play important roles in modulating many essential biological processes in both animals and plants. These covalent modifications, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and so on, are laid out and erased by histone-modifying enzymes and read out by effector proteins. Recent studies have revealed that a number of developmental processes in plants are under the control of histone post-translational modifications, such as floral transition, seed germination, organogenesis and morphogenesis. Therefore, it is critical to identify those protein domains, which could specifically recognize these post-translational modifications to modulate chromatin structure and regulate gene expression. In the present review, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the structure and function of the histone methylation readers in plants, by focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana proteins.

scholarly journals Methylation of H3 K4 and K79 is not strictly dependent on H2B K123 ubiquitylation

2009 ◽  
Vol 184 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elinor R. Foster ◽  
Jessica A. Downs
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Original Strain ◽  
Histone Proteins ◽  
Specific Modification ◽  
Covalent Modifications ◽  
And Function

Covalent modifications of histone proteins have profound consequences on chromatin structure and function. Specific modification patterns constitute a code read by effector proteins. Studies from yeast found that H3 trimethylation at K4 and K79 is dependent on ubiquitylation of H2B K123, which is termed a “trans-tail pathway.” In this study, we show that a strain unable to be ubiquitylated on H2B (K123R) is still proficient for H3 trimethylation at both K4 and K79, indicating that H3 methylation status is not solely dependent on H2B ubiquitylation. However, additional mutations in H2B result in loss of H3 methylation when combined with htb1-K123R. Consistent with this, we find that the original strain used to identify the trans-tail pathway has a genomic mutation that, when combined with H2B K123R, results in defective H3 methylation. Finally, we show that strains lacking the ubiquitin ligase Bre1 are defective for H3 methylation, suggesting that there is an additional Bre1 substrate that in combination with H2B K123 facilitates H3 methylation.

Recent Progress in Hormone Research, Vol. XIV. The Proceedings of the Laurentian Hormone Conference

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 961-961
Author(s):  
LYTT I. GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Hormone Research ◽  
And Function

This is the 14th volume of this valuable series of the Laurentian Hormone Conference. The editor continues the same excellent format as in the previous volumes. There are 14 monographs on various aspects of endocrinology each followed by a bibliography and verbatim record of the discussion. The volume is divided into five sections: I. Hormone Structure and Function; II. Hormones in Growth and Development; III. Aspects of Reproduction; IV. Hormones and Metabolism; and V. Neurohumors. Of special interest to pediatricians is the section on cytologic tests of chromosomal sex by Grumbach and Barr.

scholarly journals Glycans for the greater good

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Impact ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
And Function

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature and present across all kingdoms of life – bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeast, plants, animals and humans. They are essential to many biological processes. However, due to their complexity and heterogeneous nature they are often neglected, sometimes referred to as the ‘dark matter’ of biology. Nevertheless, due to their extensive biological impact on health and disease, glycans and the field of glycobiology have become increasingly popular in recent years, giving rise to glycan-based drug development and therapeutics. Forecasting of communicable diseases predicts that we will see an increase in pandemics of humans and livestock due to global loss of biodiversity from changes to land use, intensification of agriculture, climate change and disruption of ecosystems. As such, the development of point-of-care devices to detect pathogens is vital to prevent the transmission of infectious disease, as we have seen with the COVID-19 pandemic. So, can glycans be exploited to detect COVID-19 and other infectious diseases? And is this technology sensitive and accurate? Here, I discuss the structure and function of glycans, the current glycan-based therapeutics and how glycan binding can be exploited for detection of infectious disease, like COVID-19.

scholarly journals Design and Construction of a Focused DNA-Encoded Library for Multivalent Chromatin Reader Proteins

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin M. Rectenwald ◽  
Shiva Krishna Reddy Guduru ◽  
Zhao Dang ◽  
Leonard B. Collins ◽  
Yi-En Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cellular Phenotype ◽  
Chemical Probes ◽  
Target Class ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Histone Tails ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Chromatin structure and function, and consequently cellular phenotype, is regulated in part by a network of chromatin-modifying enzymes that place post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histone tails. These marks serve as recruitment sites for other chromatin regulatory complexes that ‘read’ these PTMs. High-quality chemical probes that can block reader functions of proteins involved in chromatin regulation are important tools to improve our understanding of pathways involved in chromatin dynamics. Insight into the intricate system of chromatin PTMs and their context within the epigenome is also therapeutically important as misregulation of this complex system is implicated in numerous human diseases. Using computational methods, along with structure-based knowledge, we have designed and constructed a focused DNA-Encoded Library (DEL) containing approximately 60,000 compounds targeting bi-valent methyl-lysine (Kme) reader domains. Additionally, we have constructed DNA-barcoded control compounds to allow optimization of selection conditions using a model Kme reader domain. We anticipate that this target-class focused approach will serve as a new method for rapid discovery of inhibitors for multivalent chromatin reader domains.

Native Mass Spectrometry: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges

2022 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Karch ◽  
Dalton T. Snyder ◽  
Sophie R. Harvey ◽  
Vicki H. Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Native Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
And Function

Native mass spectrometry (nMS) has emerged as an important tool in studying the structure and function of macromolecules and their complexes in the gas phase. In this review, we cover recent advances in nMS and related techniques including sample preparation, instrumentation, activation methods, and data analysis software. These advances have enabled nMS-based techniques to address a variety of challenging questions in structural biology. The second half of this review highlights recent applications of these technologies and surveys the classes of complexes that can be studied with nMS. Complementarity of nMS to existing structural biology techniques and current challenges in nMS are also addressed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A Laboratory Exercise to Explore Sustained Gravitational-Force Tolerance by Insects

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 707-709
Author(s):  
W. Wyatt Hoback ◽  
Adrianne Pursley ◽  
Kerri Farnsworth-Hoback ◽  
Leon G. Higley
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Laboratory Exercise ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
And Function

This exercise examines the correlation between gravitational-force (g-force) tolerance and the sizes of organisms, emphasizing differences between vertebrates and invertebrates, particularly the effects of size and scale on biological processes. Students form a hypothesis based on background information and then test it by spinning subjects in a centrifuge. Class results can be graphed, analyzed, and compared to human tolerance. The activity engages students in scientific process while investigating the effects of physical forces on structure and function.

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