Transmission of substituent effects in systems with bonds of different order. Kinetics of the reactions of 3-bromo-2-nitro-4-X-thiophens and 3-bromo-4-nitro-2-X-thiophens with sodium benzenethiolate in methanol

1972 ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Spinelli ◽  
G. Guanti ◽  
C. Dell'Erba
Keyword(s):  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Different Order

scholarly journals Structure–property Effects in the Generation of Transient Aqueous Benzoic Acid Anhydrides by Carbodiimide Fuels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasith Kariyawasam ◽  
Julie Kron ◽  
Run Jiang ◽  
André Sommer ◽  
Scott Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Coupled Processes ◽  
Dissipative Systems ◽  
Nonequilibrium Systems ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Ethylcarbodiimide Hydrochloride ◽  
Kinetics Of Formation ◽  
Acid Anhydrides ◽  
Kinetics Of

<div>The design of dissipative systems, which operate out-of-equilibrium by consuming chemical fuels, is challenging. As yet, there are few examples of privileged fuel chemistry that can be broadly applied in abiotic systems in the same way that ATP hydrolysis is exploited throughout biochemistry. The key issue is that designing nonequilibrium systems is inherently about balancing the relative rates of coupled processes. The use of carbodiimides as fuels to generate transient aqueous carboxylic anhydrides has recently been used in examples of new nonequilibrium materials and supramolecular assemblies. Here, we explore the kinetics of formation and decomposition of a series of benzoic anhydrides generated from the corresponding acids and EDC under prototypical conditions (EDC = <i>N</i>-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-<i>N</i>′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride). The reactions can be described by a simple mechanism that merges known behavior for the two processes independently. Structure–property effects in these systems are dominated by differences in anhydride decomposition rate. The kinetic parameters allow trends in concentration-dependent properties to be simulated, such as reaction lifetimes, peak anhydride concentrations, and efficiencies (i.e., total anhydride produced per equivalent of carbodiimide). For key properties there are diminishing returns with the addition of increasing amounts of fuel. This is particularly significant for the lifetimes, where substituent effects exert a much greater influence than fuel quantity under typical conditions. These results should provide useful guidelines for the design of functional systems making use of this chemistry.</div><div><br></div>

Substituent Effects in Electron Transfer Reactions: The Preparation and Chromium(II) Reduction of 3-Formylpentane-2,4-dionatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III). Preparation of the Linkage Isomer 2-Acetylbutane-1,3-dionatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1154-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Balahura ◽  
N. A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Acidic Solution ◽  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Linkage Isomers ◽  
A Value ◽  
Parent Complex ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Sphere Mechanism

The preparation of the linkage isomers, 3-formylpentane-2,4-dionatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III), (1), and 2-acetylbutane-1,3-dionatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III), (2), are described. The kinetics of the reaction of Cr(OH2)62+ with 1 and the parent complex, 2,4-pentanedionatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III), (3), have been studied spectrophotometrically in acidic solution. For 1, the reduction is described by the rate law −d ln [Co(III)complex]/dt = k[Cr2+], and k = 0.0863 M−1 s−1 at 25 °C, μ = 1.0 M (LiClO4). The activation parameters for this reaction were found to be ΔH≠ = 9.9 ± 0.5 kcal mol−1 and ΔS≠ = −30 ± 3 e.u. The reaction proceeded by an inner-sphere mechanism and the product of this reaction was isolated and characterized as 2-acetylbutane-1,3-dionatotetraaquochromium(III). The linkage isomer of this complex was also prepared. The parent complex (3) was not reduced by Cr(OH2)62+ at an observable rate and an upper limit for the rate constant of this reaction was assigned a value of 10−4–10−6M−1s−1 at 25 °C. The ability of the formyl group to enhance the rate of electron transfer is discussed, and the chromium(II) reduction studies of related chelated systems are compared with the results obtained in this investigation.

Kinetics of ozonation. 3. Substituent effects on the rates of reaction of alkenes

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 2793-2797 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Pryor ◽  
David Giamalva ◽  
Daniel F. Church
Keyword(s):  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Kinetics Of
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