Plasmonic Gold Nanocrystals Stimulated Efficiently Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation over Mo Doped W18O49 nanowires

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Qiu ◽  
Cong Huang ◽  
Gang Dong ◽  
Feiyang Chen ◽  
Feifan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Gold Nanocrystals ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Nitrogen Conversion

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation is a desirable approach to future sustainable nitrogen conversion and might consider as a potential alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process. However, the activation of nitrogen molecules...

Mechanistic insights into nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase enzymes

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (44) ◽  
pp. 29541-29547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Varley ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
K. Chan ◽  
F. Studt ◽  
J. K. Nørskov
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Sulfur Atom ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Ammonia Synthesis ◽  
Catalytic Site ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Edge Site ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

The active catalytic site for biological nitrogen fixation is identified as an Fe-edge site underneath a vacated belt-sulfur atom (μ2 S) of the FeMoco cluster in nitrogenase. The evolution of the μ2 S as H2S is critical to electrochemically activating the inert N2, while its readsorption is required to dissociate the strongly bound NH3*. The reversible hinge-like behavior of the μ2 S provides an analog to the high temperatures and pressures required in industrial ammonia synthesis in the Haber–Bosch process.

scholarly journals Accessing Low-Valent Titanium CCC-NHC Complexes: Toward Nitrogen Fixation

Inorganics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Sriloy Dey ◽  
T. Keith Hollis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
World War ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Green House Gas ◽  
Ready Availability ◽  
Low Valent ◽  
Successful Reduction

The dramatic expansion of the earth’s population can be directly correlated with the Haber–Bosch process for nitrogen fixation becoming widely available after World War II. The ready availability of artificial fertilizer derived thereof dramatically improved food supplies world-wide. Recently, artificial nitrogen fixation surpassed the natural process. The Haber–Bosch process is extremely energy and green-house gas intensive due to its high-temperature and H2 demands. Many low valent Ti(II) complexes of N2 are known. We report herein a preliminary investigation of the low-valent chemistry of Ti with the CCC-NHC ligand architecture. These CCC-NHC pincer Ti(IV) complexes are readily reduced with KC8 or Mg powder. Preliminary results indicate very different reactivity patterns with alkynes and phosphines for this ligand architecture versus prior ligands. Successful reduction to an intact low-valent (CCC-NHC)Ti complex was confirmed by re-oxidation with PhICl2.

The Triumph of Industrial Chemistry: The Industrial Response to Sir William Crookes

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Leigh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Industrial Chemistry ◽  
Metal Carbides ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Caucasian Race ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come

In 1905, Sir William Crookes published a book entitled The Wheat Problem in which he reiterated what he had said in his British Association address of 1898. The content and tone are familiar: “The fixation of nitrogen is vital to the progress of civilized humanity, and unless we can class it among the certainties to come, the great Caucasian race will cease to be foremost in the world, and will be squeezed out of existence by races to whom wheaten bread is not the staff of life.” A whole gamut of processes for fixing nitrogen was described in a book published in 1914, and in 1919 an eminent U.S. electrochemist, H. J. M. Creighton, published a series of three papers entitled “How the Nitrogen Fixation Problem Has Been Solved.” However, the broader story was only just beginning to unfold. In about 1925, J. W. Mellor, in a justly celebrated sixteen-volume compendium, simply took Creighton at his word and stated quite baldly: “The problem has since [Crookes’ lecture] been solved.” Mellor describes not one but six processes that he believed were of industrial significance. These were: (1) the direct oxidation of dinitrogen by dioxygen to yield, initially, nitrogen oxides, as was undertaken in the Norwegian arc process; (2) the absorption of dinitrogen by metal carbides, subsequently developed as the cyanamide process; (3) the reaction of dinitrogen and dihydrogen by what has become known as the Haber process, or, more justifiably, the Haber–Bosch process; (4) the reaction of dinitrogen with metals, followed by treatment of the resultant nitrides with water; (5) the reaction of dinitrogen with carbon to form cyanides; and (6) the oxidation of dinitrogen during the combustion of coal or natural gas. Of these, only the first three really reached the stage of industrial exploitation, and only the Haber–Bosch process has been applied to any degree of significance since about 1950. The history of these three major developments is traced below. One of the first industrially significant reactions to be developed at the beginning of the twentieth century had already been known for more than 100 years.

Iron-Doped Titanium Dioxide Hollow Nanospheres for Efficient Nitrogen Fixation and Zn-N2 Aqueous Battery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Wei Lv ◽  
Xiaolu Liu ◽  
Lijiao Gao ◽  
Yuping Liu ◽  
Zhong-Yong Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Hollow Nanospheres ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Aqueous Battery ◽  
Iron Doped ◽  
Doped Titanium Dioxide

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) shows great potential for replacing energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, but requires highly active electrocatalytic centers. Although various catalysts for NRR have been developed recently, the inefficiency...

Anion (O, N, C, and S) vacancies promoted photocatalytic nitrogen fixation

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2852-2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengliang Mao ◽  
Jiaxian Wang ◽  
Yunjie Zou ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Guangming Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Mild Condition ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Potential Use

Mild-condition nitrogen fixation using “green” solar energy, merely requiring a solar-to-NH3 (STA) efficiency of 0.1% for potential use, is a promising alternative to the Haber–Bosch process but remains a great challenge.

Competing hydrogen evolution reaction: a challenge in electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangyue Chen ◽  
Hui Cheng ◽  
Liang-Xin Ding ◽  
Haihui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Important Chemical

Ammonia (NH3) is an important chemical for human beings; however, the majority of NH3 is produced by the energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly Haber–Bosch process. Electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under...

scholarly journals A novel energy efficient path for nitrogen fixation using a non-thermal arc

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 12729-12738
Author(s):  
Iqbal Muzammil ◽  
Dae Hoon Lee ◽  
Duy Khoe Dinh ◽  
Hongjae Kang ◽  
Seon Ah Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Bosch Process ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation

The studied process offers high NO selectivity with low energy consumption, which is much lower than the previously reported value of plasma-assisted atmospheric nitrogen fixation and is close to that of the Haber–Bosch process.

Prevalence and Induction of Circulating Antibodies against Recombinant Staphylokinase

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (01) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Declerck ◽  
S Vanderschueren ◽  
J Billiet ◽  
H Moreau ◽  
D Collen
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia ◽  
Alternative Agent ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Antibody Levels

SummaryStreptokinase (SK) is a routinely used thrombolytic agent but it is immunogenic and allergenic; staphylokinase (STA) is a potential alternative agent which is under early clinical evaluation. The comparative prevalence of antibodies against recombinant STA (STAR) and against SK was studied in healthy subjects and their induction with intravenous administration in small groups of patients.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using microtiter plates coated with STAR or SK and calibration with affinospecific human antibodies, revealed 2.1 to 65 μg/ml (median 11 μg/ml) anti-STAR antibodies and 0.9 to 370 μg/ml (median 18 μg/ml) anti-SK antibodies (p <0.001 vs anti-STAR antibodies) in plasma from 100 blood donors, with corresponding values of 0.6 to 100 μg/ml (median 7.1 μg/ml) and 0.4 to 120 μg/ml (median 7.3 μg/ml), respectively, in 104 patients with angina pectoris. Three out of 17 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia had significantly increased anti-STAR antibody levels (150, 75 and 75 μg/ml), and STAR neutralizing activities (2.2, 3.6 and 4.1 μg STAR neutralized per ml plasma, respectively). In 6 patients with acute myocardial infarction, given 10 mg STAR intravenously over 30 min, median anti-STAR antibody levels were 3.5 μg/ml at baseline, 2.9 μg/ml at 6 to 8 days and 1.2 μg/ml at 2 to 9 weeks, with median corresponding titers of STAR neutralizing activity at 2 to 9 weeks of 42 μg/ml plasma. Conversely, in 5 patients treated with 1,500,000 units SK over 60 min, median anti-SK antibodies increased from 2.9 μg/ml at baseline to 360 μg/ml at 5 to 10 days, with corresponding median SK neutralizing activities of 13 μg/ml. Antibodies against STAR did not cross-react with SK and vice versa.Plasma from human subjects contains low levels of circulating antibodies against recombinant staphylokinase, and intravenous administration of this compound boosts antibody titers. These antibodies do however not cross-react with streptokinase, whereby the use of these two immunogenic thrombolytic agents would not be mutually exclusive.

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