scholarly journals Membrane technologies in toilet urine treatment for toilet urine resource utilization: a review

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (56) ◽  
pp. 35525-35535
Author(s):  
Chengzhi Yu ◽  
Wenjun Yin ◽  
Zhenjiang Yu ◽  
Jiabin Chen ◽  
Rui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Membrane Technologies ◽  
Urine Treatment

In this review, the membrane technologies used for the resource utilization of urine collected from toilets are divided into four categories based on their driving force.

The driving force of basin water resource utilization to lake nutrients

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-866
Author(s):  
Jiayu Peng ◽  
Binghui Zheng ◽  
Xing Wang ◽  
Minghao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Water Resource Utilization ◽  
Basin Water

In situ TEM Studies of agglomeration of sub-nanometer Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Tai D. Nguyen ◽  
Ronald Gronsky ◽  
Jeffrey B. Kortright
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Rayleigh Instability ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Nanometer period Ru/C multilayers are one of the prime candidates for normal incident reflecting mirrors at wavelengths < 10 nm. Superior performance, which requires uniform layers and smooth interfaces, and high stability of the layered structure under thermal loadings are some of the demands in practical applications. Previous studies however show that the Ru layers in the 2 nm period Ru/C multilayer agglomerate upon moderate annealing, and the layered structure is no longer retained. This agglomeration and crystallization of the Ru layers upon annealing to form almost spherical crystallites is a result of the reduction of surface or interfacial energy from die amorphous high energy non-equilibrium state of the as-prepared sample dirough diffusive arrangements of the atoms. Proposed models for mechanism of thin film agglomeration include one analogous to Rayleigh instability, and grain boundary grooving in polycrystalline films. These models however are not necessarily appropriate to explain for the agglomeration in the sub-nanometer amorphous Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers. The Ru-C phase diagram shows a wide miscible gap, which indicates the preference of phase separation between these two materials and provides an additional driving force for agglomeration. In this paper, we study the evolution of the microstructures and layered structure via in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and attempt to determine the order of occurence of agglomeration and crystallization in the Ru layers by observing the diffraction patterns.

The nucleation of cavities at grain boundaries

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
P. J. Goodhew
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Impurity Concentration ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Cavity Nucleation ◽  
Spherical Bubble

Cavity nucleation and growth at grain and phase boundaries is of concern because it can lead to failure during creep and can lead to embrittlement as a result of radiation damage. Two major types of cavity are usually distinguished: The term bubble is applied to a cavity which contains gas at a pressure which is at least sufficient to support the surface tension (2g/r for a spherical bubble of radius r and surface energy g). The term void is generally applied to any cavity which contains less gas than this, but is not necessarily empty of gas. A void would therefore tend to shrink in the absence of any imposed driving force for growth, whereas a bubble would be stable or would tend to grow. It is widely considered that cavity nucleation always requires the presence of one or more gas atoms. However since it is extremely difficult to prepare experimental materials with a gas impurity concentration lower than their eventual cavity concentration there is little to be gained by debating this point.

10: Adults with Overactive Bladder have Significant Health Care Resource Utilization- Evidence from a Large Medicaid Population

2006 ◽  
Vol 175 (4S) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Gurkirpal Singh ◽  
Smriti Malla ◽  
Huijian Wang ◽  
Harcharan Gill ◽  
Kristijian H. Kahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Overactive Bladder ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Health Care Resource ◽  
Health Care Resource Utilization ◽  
Medicaid Population ◽  
Significant Health

133: Factors Associated with Increased Resource Utilization Following Radical Cystectomy

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
Brent K. Hollenbeck ◽  
David C. Miller ◽  
Rodney L. Dunn ◽  
Willie Underwood ◽  
Shukri F. Khuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radical Cystectomy ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Factors Associated
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