scholarly journals Bromotrimethylsilane as a selective reagent for the synthesis of bromohydrins

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 14453-14458
Author(s):  
Donatella Giomi ◽  
Antonella Salvini ◽  
Jacopo Ceccarelli ◽  
Alberto Brandi
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Free ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Selective Reagent

Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, can be efficiently converted into α-monobromohydrin or α,γ-dibromohydrin with trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr), in solvent-free and mild reaction conditions.

scholarly journals Solvent-Free Benzylation of Glycerol by Benzyl Alcohol Using Heteropoly Acid Impregnated on K-10 Clay as Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Devendra P. Tekale ◽  
Ganapati D. Yadav ◽  
Ajay K. Dalai
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Glycerol Ether ◽  
Insight Into

Value addition to glycerol, the sole co-product in biodiesel production, will lead to reform of the overall biodiesel economy. Different valuable chemicals can be produced from glycerol using heterogeneous catalysis and these valuable chemicals are useful in industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, soap, paints, and fine chemicals. Therefore, the conversion of glycerol to valuable chemicals using heterogeneous catalysis is a noteworthy area of research. Etherification of glycerol with alkenes or alcohols is an important reaction in converting glycerol to various value-added chemicals. This article describes reaction of glycerol with benzyl alcohol in solvent-free medium by using a clay supported modified heteropolyacid (HPA), Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10 (Cs-DTP/K-10) as solid catalyst and its comparison with other catalysts in a batch reactor. Mono-Benzyl glycerol ether (MBGE) was the major product formed in the reaction along with formation of di-benzyl glycerol ether (DBGE). The effects of different parameters were studied to optimize the reaction parameters. This work provides an insight into characterization of Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10 catalyst by advanced techniques such as surface area measurement, X-ray analysis, ICP-MS, FT-IR, and SEM. Reaction products were characterized and confirmed by using the GCMS method. The kinetic model was developed from an insight into the reaction mechanism. The apparent energy of activation was found to be 18.84 kcal/mol.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Uyen Pham ◽  
My Nguyen ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
American Society ◽  
Optimal Reaction

This study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production from soursop (Annona muricata) seeds. A high oil yield of 29.6% (w/w) could be obtained from soursop seeds. Oil extracted from soursop seeds was then converted into biodiesel through two-step transesterification process. A highest biodiesel yield of 97.02% was achieved under optimal acid-catalyzed esterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, 1% H2SO4, reaction time: 90 min, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 10:1) and optimal alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, reaction time: 30 min, 0.6% NaOH, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 8:1). The properties of soursop biodiesel were determined and most were found to meet the European standard EN 14214 and American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6751. This study suggests that soursop seed oil is a promising biodiesel feedstock and that soursop biodiesel is a viable alternative to petrodiesel.

scholarly journals Simplified Method to Optimize Enzymatic Esters Syntheses in Solvent-Free Systems: Validation Using Literature and Experimental Data

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa ◽  
Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente ◽  
Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reaction Behavior ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Interesting Correlation ◽  
Using Data

The adoption of biocatalysis in solvent-free systems is an alternative to establish a greener esters production. An interesting correlation between the acid:alcohol molar ratio and biocatalyst (immobilized lipase) loading in the optimization of ester syntheses in solvent-free systems had been observed and explored. A simple mathematical tool named Substrate-Enzyme Relation (SER) has been developed, indicating a range of reaction conditions that resulted in high conversions. Here, SER utility has been validated using data from the literature and experimental assays, totalizing 39 different examples of solvent-free enzymatic esterifications. We found a good correlation between the SER trends and reaction conditions that promoted high conversions on the syntheses of short, mid, or long-chain esters. Moreover, the predictions obtained with SER are coherent with thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of enzymatic esterification in solvent-free systems. SER is an easy-to-handle tool to predict the reaction behavior, allowing obtaining optimum reaction conditions with a reduced number of experiments, including the adoption of reduced biocatalysts loadings.

Halogenation of ketones with N-halosuccinimides under solvent-free reaction conditions

Tetrahedron ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (22) ◽  
pp. 5191-5199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Pravst ◽  
Marko Zupan ◽  
Stojan Stavber
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Free ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Solvent Free Reaction

scholarly journals Silica sulfuric acid: a reusable solid catalyst for one pot synthesis of densely substituted pyrrole-fused isocoumarins under solvent-free conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2344-2353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudipta Pathak ◽  
Kamalesh Debnath ◽  
Animesh Pramanik
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Silica Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Solvent Free Conditions ◽  
Solvent Free Reaction

A convenient and efficient methodology for the synthesis of densely substituted pyrrole-fused isocoumarins, which employs solid-supported silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as catalyst, has been developed. When the mixture of ninhydrin adducts of acetylacetone/ethyl acetoacetate and primary amines was heated on the solid surface of SSA under solvent-free conditions, the pyrrole-fused isocoumarins were formed in good yields. This synthetic method has several advantages such as the employment of solvent-free reaction conditions without the use of any toxic reagents and metal catalysts, the ease of product isolation, the use of a recyclable catalyst, the low cost, the easy availability of the starting materials, and the excellent yields of products.

Optimization of Esterification Reaction Conditions Through the Analysis of the Main Significant Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Ricetti Margarida ◽  
Luana I. Flores ◽  
Luiz Fernando De Lima Luz Jr. ◽  
Marcelo Kaminski Lenzi
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reaction Behavior ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
Water Ratio

Biodiesel production from residual sources is gaining considerable attention nowadays. Consequently, many different studies with in-depth analysis concerning the influence of the transesterification reaction conditions are available in the literature. However, further evaluation of the esterification of fatty acids in the biodiesel industry is still needed. In this study, different parameters influencing the esterification reaction behavior using ethanol as the alcohol and lauric acid as the FFA are analyzed through factorial design and ANOVA methodologies to verify which ones are significant in the reaction. In total, four parameters were evaluated: temperature, catalyst concentration, ethanol/FFA ratio, and ethanol/water ratio. The temperature and ethanol/water ratio had a major influence on the reaction, as increasing these parameters greatly improved reaction conversion. It was also verified that using hydrous ethanol in the esterification reaction is possible in some conditions.

scholarly journals High-Quality Biodiesel Production from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) Oil Soapstock

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pantoja ◽  
Vanessa Mescouto ◽  
Carlos Costa ◽  
José Zamian ◽  
Geraldo Rocha Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
Brazilian Standard

The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm tree widely distributed throughout tropical South America. The oil extracted from the fruits of this palm tree is rich in natural antioxidants. The by-products obtained from the buriti palm have social and economic importance as well, hence the interest in adding value to the residue left from refining this oil to obtain biofuel. The process of methyl esters production from the buriti oil soapstock was optimized considering acidulation and esterification. The effect of the molar ratio of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to soapstock in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 and the reaction time (30–90 min) were analyzed. The best conditions for acidulation were molar ratio 0.8 and reaction time of 60 min. Next, the esterification of the fatty acids obtained was performed using methanol and H2SO4 as catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio (9:1–27:1), percentage of catalyst (2–6%) and reaction time (1–14 h) were investigated. The best reaction conditions were: 18:1 molar ratio, 4% catalyst and 14 h reaction time, which resulted in a yield of 92% and a conversion of 99.9%. All the key biodiesel physicochemical characterizations were within the parameters established by the Brazilian standard. The biodiesel obtained presented high ester content (96.6%) and oxidative stability (16.1 h).

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