Chlorinated metabolites from Streptomyces sp. highlight the role of biosynthetic mosaics and superclusters in the evolution of chemical diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmud Tareq Morshed ◽  
Ernest Lacey ◽  
Daniel Vuong ◽  
Alastair E Lacey ◽  
Soo-sum Lean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Streptomyces Sp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

LCMS-guided screening of a library of biosynthetically talented bacteria and fungi identified Streptomyces sp. MST-144321 as a prolific producer of chlorinated metabolites. We isolated and characterised six new and nine...

Beyond peptide bond formation: the versatile role of condensation domains in natural product biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Dekimpe ◽  
Joleen Masschelein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Peptide Bond ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Peptide Bond Formation ◽  
Natural Product Biosynthesis

Condensation domains perform highly diverse functions during natural product biosynthesis and are capable of generating remarkable chemical diversity.

Abstract 636: Gut Microflora Influences Pathology in the Kawasaki Disease (KD) Vasculitis Mouse Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiko Wakita ◽  
Yosuke Kurashima ◽  
Yoshihiro Takasato ◽  
Youngho Lee ◽  
Kenichi Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Coronary Arteritis ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Background: KD is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in the US. We have demonstrated the critical role of innate immune responses via IL-1R/MyD88 signaling in the Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced KD mouse model. The diversity and composition of microflora (both bacterial and fungal) have been associated with the regulation and alterations of immune responses and various pathologies. However, the role of gut microbiota in immunopathology of KD has not been investigated. Objective: To evaluate the role of gut microflora in development of coronary arteritis, and vascular abnormalities in KD mouse model. Methods and Results: We investigated the role of gut microflora in the LCWE-induced KD mouse model, using Specific-Pathogen Free (SPF) and Germ Free (GF) mice (C57BL/6). GF mice showed a significant decrease of KD lesions, including coronary arteritis compared with SPF mice. The development of LCWE-induced AAA, which we recently discovered in this mouse model, was also markedly diminished in GF mice. In addition to GF mice, we also investigated the specific role of commensal bacteria and/or fungi, and determined whether altered microorganism burden in this KD mouse model contributes to disease severity. To deplete bacteria and/or fungi in the gut microflora, we exposed pregnant SPF mice and their offspring to antibiotics cocktail (Abx) or antifungal drug (fluconazole; Fluc) in their drinking water for 5 wks and induced KD. The mice treated with Abx or Fluc had significantly reduced coronary arteritis and AAA compared to controls. The Abx plus Fluc administration showed marked decrease of KD vasculitis. Conclusions: We demonstrate here that gut microflora play a critical role in the development of KD vasculitis in LCWE-induced mouse model. Our results suggest that both bacteria and fungi in the intestinal microbiota may control the induction and severity of KD vasculitis. These findings provide a new perspective on the potential role of the microbiome in KD pathogenesis and may offer new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for KD patients.

scholarly journals Genetic and Biochemical Diversity amongValeriana jatamansiPopulations from Himachal Pradesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Singh ◽  
Rajan Katoch ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Kapila
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Patchouli Alcohol ◽  
Valeriana Jatamansi ◽  
Collection Selection ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Biochemical Diversity

Valeriana jatamansiJones is an important medicinal plant that grows wild in Himachal Pradesh, India. Molecular and biochemical diversity among 13 natural populations from Himachal Pradesh was assessed using RAPD and GC-MS to know the extent of existing variation. A total of seven genetically diverse groups have been identified based on RAPD analysis which corroborated well with the analysis based on chemical constituents. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.6% to 1.66% (v/w). A negative correlation between patchouli alcohol and viridiflorol, the two major valued constituents, limits the scope of their simultaneous improvement. However, other few populations like Chamba-II and Kandi-I were found promising for viridiflorol and patchouli alcohol, respectively. The analysis of chemical constitution of oil of the populations from a specific region revealed predominance of specific constituents indicating possibility of their collection/selection for specific end uses like phytomedicines. The prevalence of genetically diverse groups along with sufficient chemical diversity in a defined region clearly indicates the role of ecology in the maintenance of evolution of this species. Sufficient molecular and biochemical diversity detected among natural populations of this species will form basis for the future improvement.

scholarly journals The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
César Díaz-Godínez ◽  
Julio C. Carrero
Keyword(s):  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Net Release

AbstractNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fibers associated with histones, enzymes from neutrophil granules and anti-microbial peptides. NETs are released in a process denominated NETosis, which involves sequential steps that culminate with the DNA extrusion. NETosis has been described as a new mechanism of innate immunity related to defense against different pathogens. The initial studies of NETs were carried out with bacteria and fungi, but currently a large variety of microorganisms capable of inducing NETs have been described including protozoan and helminth parasites. Nevertheless, we have little knowledge about how NETosis process is carried out in response to the parasites, and about its implication in the resolution of this kind of disease. In the best case, the NETs entrap and kill parasites in vitro, but in others, immobilize the parasites without affecting their viability. Moreover, insufficient studies on the NETs in animal models of infections that would help to define their role, and the association of NETs with chronic inflammatory pathologies such as those occurring in several parasitic infections have left open the possibility of NETs contributing to pathology instead of protection. In this review, we focus on the reported mechanisms that lead to NET release by protozoan and helminth parasites and the evidence that support the role of NETosis in the resolution or pathogenesis of parasitic diseases.

scholarly journals Secretome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney Leukocytes Highlights the Role of Phagocytes in the Immune Response to Soluble β-Glucan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar B. Iliev ◽  
Guro Strandskog ◽  
Mehrdad Sobhkhez ◽  
Jack A. Bruun ◽  
Jorunn B. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Immunostimulatory Activity ◽  
Complement Receptor 3 ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

β‐Glucans (BG) are glucose polymers which are produced in bacteria and fungi but not in vertebrate organisms. Being recognized by phagocytic leukocytes including macrophages and neutrophils through receptors such as dectin-1 and Complement receptor 3 (CR3), the BG are perceived by the innate immune system of vertebrates as foreign substances known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). The yeast-derived BG has been recognized for its potent biological activity and it is used as an immunomodulator in human and veterinary medicine. The goal of the current study was to characterize the immunostimulatory activity of soluble yeast BG in primary cultures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in which phagocytic cell types including neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes predominate. The effect of BG on the secretome of HKL cultures, including secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble protein55s was characterized through western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that, along with upregulation of proinflammatory genes, BG induces secretion of ubiquitinated proteins (UbP), MHCII-containing EVs from professional antigen presenting cells as well as proteins derived from granules of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Among the most abundant proteins identified in BG-induced EVs were beta-2 integrin subunits, including CD18 and CD11 homologs, which highlights the role of salmon granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the response to soluble BG. Overall, the current work advances the knowledge about the immunostimulatory activity of yeast BG on the salmon immune system by shedding light on the effect of this PAMP on the secretome of salmon leukocytes.

scholarly journals Exploring Microbial Resource of Different Rhizocompartments of Dominant Plants Along the Salinity Gradient Around the Hypersaline Lake Ejinur

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junqing Luo ◽  
Zhechao Zhang ◽  
Yazhou Hou ◽  
Fengwei Diao ◽  
Baihui Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Salt Lakes ◽  
Hypersaline Environment ◽  
Hypersaline Lake ◽  
Littoral Zones ◽  
Microbial Resources ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Lake littoral zones can also be regarded as another extremely hypersaline environment due to hypersaline properties of salt lakes. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze bacteria and fungi from different rhizocompartments (rhizosphere and endosphere) of four dominant plants along the salinity gradient in the littoral zones of Ejinur Salt Lake. The study found that microbial α-diversity did not increase with the decrease of salinity, indicating that salinity was not the main factor on the effect of microbial diversity. Distance-based redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to further reveal the relationship between microorganisms from different rhizocompartments and plant species and soil physicochemical properties. Bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere and endosphere were the most significantly affected by SO42–, SOC, HCO3–, and SOC, respectively. Correlation network analysis revealed the potential role of microorganisms in different root compartments on the regulation of salt stress through synergistic and antagonistic interactions. LEfSe analysis further indicated that dominant microbial taxa in different rhizocompartments had a positive response to plants, such as Marinobacter, Palleronia, Arthrobacter, and Penicillium. This study was of great significance and practical value for understanding salt environments around salt lakes to excavate the potential microbial resources.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2034
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmed Ratan ◽  
Fazla Rabbi Mashrur ◽  
Anisha Parsub Chhoan ◽  
Sadi Md. Shahriar ◽  
Mohammad Faisal Haidere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact

Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and biotechnology. Emerging viral infections are creating severe hazards to public health worldwide, recently, COVID-19 has caused mass human casualties with significant economic impacts. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the potential to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi using various methods. However, developing safe and effective antiviral drugs is challenging, as viruses use host cells for replication. Designing drugs that do not harm host cells while targeting viruses is complicated. In recent years, the impact of AgNPs on viruses has been evaluated. Here, we discuss the potential role of silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents. In this review, we focus on the properties of AgNPs such as their characterization methods, antiviral activity, mechanisms, applications, and toxicity.

Fungal xenosiderophores from mycobiota and diet promote Salmonella colonization of the inflamed gut

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Santus ◽  
Amisha Rana ◽  
Jason Devlin ◽  
Kaitlyn Kiernan ◽  
Carol Jacob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Infectious Colitis ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Siderophore Receptors ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract The fungal gut microbiota (mycobiota) has been implicated in diseases that disturb gut homeostasis. However, little is known about functional relationships between bacteria and fungi in the gut during infectious colitis. We investigated the role of fungal metabolites during infection with the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We found that in the gut lumen, both the mycobiota and fungi present in the diet can be a source of siderophores, small molecules that scavenge iron from the host. The ability to use fungal siderophores, such as ferrichrome and coprogen, conferred a competitive growth advantage to Salmonella strains expressing the fungal siderophore receptors FhuA or FhuE in vitro and in a mouse model. Our study highlights the role of inter-kingdom cross-feeding between fungi and Salmonella, and elucidates a new function for the gut mycobiota, revealing the importance of these under-studied members of the gut ecosystem during bacterial infection.

Long-term changes in rumen fermentation in defaunated sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
P.P. Frumholtz ◽  
R.J. Wallace ◽  
C.J. Newbold ◽  
E.R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

The removal of ciliate protozoa, or defaunation, results in the establishment of a new ecosystem in the rumen, consisting only of bacteria and fungi. Although extensive research has been done on ciliate-free ruminants, the role of protozoa in the rumen still provokes considerable debate. The diversity of experimental design, such as animal species, defaunation method, and diet could account for many of the differences observed between defaunation studies. Also it is important to examine the stability of the ciliate-free ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in rumen fermentation of ciliate-free sheep over a period of one year.Eight male castrated sheep, weighing 60-70 kg, received twice daily 700 g of a diet of hay, barley, molasses, fish meal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg DM respectively). Four sheep were defaunated by the rumen washing technique (Jouany and Senaud, 1979) and kept in isolated pens while the other four were left faunated with a mixed type A ciliate protozoa population. Rumen samples were withdrawn via the rumen cannula and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein -1, 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding. There were three sampling periods: one month, six months and one year after defaunation.

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