A minimally invasive flexible electrode array for simultaneous recording of ECoG signal from multiple brain regions

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ui-Jin Jeong ◽  
Jungpyo Lee ◽  
Namsun Chou ◽  
Kanghwan Kim ◽  
Hyogeun Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Flexible Electrode ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Neuroscience Research

The minimal invasiveness of electrocorticography (ECoG) enabled its widespread use in clinical areas as well as in neuroscience research. However, most existing ECoG arrays require that the entire surface area...

scholarly journals An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elon Musk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Array ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Data Streaming ◽  
Flexible Electrode ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neurosurgical Robot

AbstractBrain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neuralink’s first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and flexible electrode “threads”, with as many as 3,072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads. We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute. Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of surface vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitization: the package for 3,072 channels occupies less than (23 × 18.5 × 2) mm3. A single USB-C cable provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously. This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 70% in chronically implanted electrodes. Neuralink’s approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant package.

scholarly journals An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform With Thousands of Channels (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elon Musk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Array ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Data Streaming ◽  
Flexible Electrode ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neurosurgical Robot

UNSTRUCTURED Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) hold promise for the restoration of sensory and motor function and the treatment of neurological disorders, but clinical BMIs have not yet been widely adopted, in part, because modest channel counts have limited their potential. In this white paper, we describe Neuralink’s first steps toward a scalable high-bandwidth BMI system. We have built arrays of small and flexible electrode “threads,” with as many as 3072 electrodes per array distributed across 96 threads. We have also built a neurosurgical robot capable of inserting six threads (192 electrodes) per minute. Each thread can be individually inserted into the brain with micron precision for avoidance of surface vasculature and targeting specific brain regions. The electrode array is packaged into a small implantable device that contains custom chips for low-power on-board amplification and digitization: The package for 3072 channels occupies less than 23×18.5×2 mm3. A single USB-C cable provides full-bandwidth data streaming from the device, recording from all channels simultaneously. This system has achieved a spiking yield of up to 70% in chronically implanted electrodes. Neuralink’s approach to BMI has unprecedented packaging density and scalability in a clinically relevant package.

scholarly journals Bladder and bowel responses to lumbosacral epidural stimulation in uninjured and transected anesthetized rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Hoey ◽  
Daniel Medina-Aguiñaga ◽  
Fahmi Khalifa ◽  
Beatrice Ugiliweneza ◽  
Sharon Zdunowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Epidural Stimulation ◽  
Sphincter Electromyography ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Movement Threshold

AbstractSpinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) mapping at L5-S1 was performed to identify parameters for bladder and bowel inhibition and/or contraction. Using spinally intact and chronic transected rats of both sexes in acute urethane-anesthetized terminal preparations, scES was systematically applied using a modified Specify 5–6–5 (Medtronic) electrode during bladder filling/emptying cycles while recording bladder and colorectal pressures and external urethral and anal sphincter electromyography activity. The results indicate frequency-dependent effects on void volume, micturition, bowel peristalsis, and sphincter activity just above visualized movement threshold intensities that differed depending upon neurological intactness, with some sex-dependent differences. Thereafter, a custom-designed miniature 15-electrode array designed for greater selectivity was tested and exhibited the same frequency-dependent urinary effects over a much smaller surface area without any concurrent movements. Thus, select activation of autonomic nervous system circuitries with scES is a promising neuromodulation approach for expedient translation to individuals with SCI and potentially other neurologic disorders.

scholarly journals EEG-based diagnostics of the auditory system using cochlear implant electrodes as sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Somers ◽  
Christopher J. Long ◽  
Tom Francart
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Listening Environments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Neural Feedback

AbstractThe cochlear implant is one of the most successful medical prostheses, allowing deaf and severely hearing-impaired persons to hear again by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve. A trained audiologist adjusts the stimulation settings for good speech understanding, known as “fitting” the implant. This process is based on subjective feedback from the user, making it time-consuming and challenging, especially in paediatric or communication-impaired populations. Furthermore, fittings only happen during infrequent sessions at a clinic, and therefore cannot take into account variable factors that affect the user’s hearing, such as physiological changes and different listening environments. Objective audiometry, in which brain responses evoked by auditory stimulation are collected and analysed, removes the need for active patient participation. However, recording of brain responses still requires expensive equipment that is cumbersome to use. An elegant solution is to record the neural signals using the implant itself. We demonstrate for the first time the recording of continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from the implanted intracochlear electrode array in human subjects, using auditory evoked potentials originating from different brain regions. This was done using a temporary recording set-up with a percutaneous connector used for research purposes. Furthermore, we show that the response morphologies and amplitudes depend crucially on the recording electrode configuration. The integration of an EEG system into cochlear implants paves the way towards chronic neuro-monitoring of hearing-impaired patients in their everyday environment, and neuro-steered hearing prostheses, which can autonomously adjust their output based on neural feedback.

scholarly journals 1700 nm optical coherence microscopy enables minimally invasive, label-free, in vivo optical biopsy deep in the mouse brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhu ◽  
Hercules Rezende Freitas ◽  
Izumi Maezawa ◽  
Lee-way Jin ◽  
Vivek J. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Numerical Aperture ◽  
Optical Biopsy ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Optical Coherence Microscopy ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Cortical Regions

AbstractIn vivo, minimally invasive microscopy in deep cortical and sub-cortical regions of the mouse brain has been challenging. To address this challenge, we present an in vivo high numerical aperture optical coherence microscopy (OCM) approach that fully utilizes the water absorption window around 1700 nm, where ballistic attenuation in the brain is minimized. Key issues, including detector noise, excess light source noise, chromatic dispersion, and the resolution-speckle tradeoff, are analyzed and optimized. Imaging through a thinned-skull preparation that preserves intracranial space, we present volumetric imaging of cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture across the entire depth of the mouse neocortex, and some sub-cortical regions. In an Alzheimer’s disease model, we report that findings in superficial and deep cortical layers diverge, highlighting the importance of deep optical biopsy. Compared to other microscopic techniques, our 1700 nm OCM approach achieves a unique combination of intrinsic contrast, minimal invasiveness, and high resolution for deep brain imaging.

scholarly journals Shape Memory Polymer-Based Insertable Electrode Array towards Minimally Invasive Subdural Implantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Kravtcova ◽  
Antoniya Toncheva ◽  
Samuel Rantataro ◽  
Emilia Peltola ◽  
Jean-Marie Raquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Electrode Array

scholarly journals EEG-based diagnostics of the auditory system using cochlear implant electrodes as sensors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Somers ◽  
Christopher J. Long ◽  
Tom Francart
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Listening Environments ◽  
Objective Audiometry ◽  
Neural Feedback

AbstractThe cochlear implant is one of the most successful medical prostheses, allowing deaf and severely hearing-impaired persons to hear again by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve. A trained audiologist adjusts the stimulation settings for good speech understanding, known as “fitting” the implant. This process is based on subjective feedback from the user, making it time-consuming and challenging, especially in paediatric or communication-impaired populations. Furthermore, fittings only happen during infrequent sessions at a clinic, and therefore cannot take into account variable factors that affect the user’s hearing, such as physiological changes and different listening environments. Objective audiometry, in which brain responses evoked by auditory stimulation are collected and analysed, removes the need for active patient participation. However, recording of brain responses still requires expensive equipment that is cumbersome to use. An elegant solution is to record the neural signals using the implant itself. We demonstrate for the first time the recording of continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from the implanted intracochlear electrode array in human subjects, using auditory evoked potentials originating from different brain regions. Furthermore, we show that the response morphologies and amplitudes depend crucially on the recording electrode configuration. The integration of an EEG system into cochlear implants paves the way towards chronic neuro-monitoring of hearing-impaired patients in their everyday environment, and neuro-steered hearing prostheses, which can autonomously adjust their output based on neural feedback.

scholarly journals A Social Neuroscience Approach to Interpersonal Interaction in the Context of Disruption and Disorganization of Attachment (NAMDA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars White ◽  
Charlotte Catharina Schulz ◽  
Margerete Schött ◽  
Melanie Kungl ◽  
Jan Keil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Internal Working ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Attachment Disruption

Humans are strongly dependent upon social resources for allostasis and emotion regulation. This applies especially to early childhood because humans – as an altricial species – have a prolonged period of dependency on support and input from caregivers who typically act as sources of co-regulation. Accordingly, attachment theory proposes that the history and quality of early interactions with primary caregivers shape children’s internal working models of attachment. In turn, these attachment models guide behavior, initially with the set goal of maintaining proximity to caregivers, but eventually paving the way to more generalized mental representations of self and others. Mounting evidence in nonclinical populations suggests that these mental representations coincide with differential patterns of neural structure, function, and connectivity in a range of brain regions previously associated with emotional and cognitive capacities. What is currently lacking, however, is an evidence-based account of how early adverse attachment-related experiences and/or the emergence of attachment disorganization impact the developing brain. While work on early childhood adversities offers important insights, we propose that how these events become biologically embedded crucially hinges on the context of the child-caregiver attachment relationships in which the events take place. Our selective review distinguishes between direct social neuroscience research on disorganized attachment and indirect maltreatment-related research, converging on aberrant functioning in neurobiological systems subserving aversion, approach, emotion regulation, and mental state processing in the wake of severe attachment disruption. To account for heterogeneity of findings, we propose two distinct neurobiological phenotypes characterized by hyper- and hypo-arousal primarily deriving from the caregiver serving either as a threatening or as an insufficient source of co-regulation, respectively.

scholarly journals The perforation of the frustules of planktonic diatoms Pseudosolenia calcar-avis and Proboscia alata (Bacillariophyceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Lyakh A.M.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Geometric Modeling ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Planktonic Diatoms ◽  
Centric Diatoms ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Material Energy ◽  
The Relationship

Physiological and biophysical characteristics of microalgae should strongly depend on the surface area of the cover of organisms, as all the material-energy streams flow through the surface. However, to determine the relationship between the intensity of the flow of substances with the physiology of unicellular, it is necessary to take into account only the area of perforations, since the rest of the shell is impermeable for substances. The direct determination of the area of perforations on the entire surface of the microalgae is very difficult. Therefore, the indirect method of estimating the perforation area using geometric modeling of the perforation distribution (texture) on the surface was used in this study. The object of the research is two types of marine plankton diatoms with large cylindrical frustules. It was assumed that the frustules are covered with a regular triangular texture of the areola. This texture can be divided into regular hexagons, which allows us to estimate the number of areolas as the ratio of the surface area of the frustules to the area of one hexagon. The model takes into account that each areola is covered with a silicon plate perforated by a smaller pore. The multiplication of the number of areolas on the area of a given pore gives the value of the total area of perforations. Calculations showed that the perforation of the frustules of Proboscia alata was 4%, and Pseudosolenia calcar-avis – 6%. These are the first estimates of the perforation of the entire surface of the diatom frustules. The acquired data confirms the hypothesis that frustules of the most centric diatoms are covered by pores by about 5%, and the other surface is impervious to material flows.

scholarly journals Cortical thickness and surface area correlates with cognitive dysfunction among first-episode psychosis patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 2145-2155 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Haring ◽  
A. Müürsepp ◽  
R. Mõttus ◽  
P. Ilves ◽  
K. Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Episode Psychosis

BackgroundIn studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some have reported specific brain structure–function relationships among first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, but findings are inconsistent. We aimed to localize the brain regions where cortical thickness (CTh) and surface area (cortical area; CA) relate to neurocognition, by performing an MRI on participants and measuring their neurocognitive performance using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), in order to investigate any significant differences between FEP patients and control subjects (CS).MethodExploration of potential correlations between specific cognitive functions and brain structure was performed using CANTAB computer-based neurocognitive testing and a vertex-by-vertex whole-brain MRI analysis of 63 FEP patients and 30 CS.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between cortical parameters in the frontal, temporal, cingular and occipital brain regions and performance in set-shifting, working memory manipulation, strategy usage and sustained attention tests. These correlations were significantly dissimilar between FEP patients and CS.ConclusionsSignificant correlations between CTh and CA with neurocognitive performance were localized in brain areas known to be involved in cognition. The results also suggested a disrupted structure–function relationship in FEP patients compared with CS.

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