Effects of different processing methods on the chlorophyll structure in kiwifruit

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengjiao Lei ◽  
zhang yuane ◽  
Chen Yuting ◽  
Chen Lu ◽  
Chen Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Chlorophyll Derivatives

Kiwifruit puree was treated with high and normal temperature withal pressure as independent variables to determinate the structural changes of chlorophyll derivatives. Two groups of colored elution samples were identified...

scholarly journals Innovative Strategies and the Performance of Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Nyeri County, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (VI) ◽  
pp. 216-234
Author(s):  
Nahashon Mung’ora Muriuki ◽  
David Kiiru
Keyword(s):  
Product Innovation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Organizational Innovation ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Process Innovation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Marketing Innovation ◽  
Independent Variables

Reforms in banking industry have brought about many structural changes in the sector and encouraged competition. As a result, financial institutions like SACCOs have adopted competitive strategies including innovation strategies. Despite the recognized importance of financial innovation and an extensive descriptive literature, there have been surprisingly few empirical studies. This situation has denied SACCOs the much needed information regarding this important area of financial innovations sometimes leading to reverse causality in the innovation-financial performance relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate innovative strategies and the performance of SACCOs in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: to establish how product innovation influences the performance, to assess the influence of organizational innovation on the performance, to determine the influence of process innovation on the performance of SACCOs, and to find out how marketing innovation affect the performance of SACCOs. The study utilized descriptive research design. It was carried out as a Census among the 6 licensed SACCOs in Nyeri County. The main instruments for primary data collection were questionnaires which consisted of structured and unstructured questions. The data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Multiple regression was done to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The study findings were presented in tables and charts. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the four independent variables (product innovation, organizational innovation, process innovation and marketing innovation) were important predictors of performance of SACCOs since each was statistically significant. The findings showed a positive correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The study recommends that SACCOs should find creative ways of adopting and implementing product innovation but within the rules and guidelines of the banking industry. Organizational innovation could be improved through the human resource department getting better ways of freedom and autonomy among the employees. The services within the financial intermediaries in the SACCO should also be improved to become more helpful in facilitating the needs of the customers.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TERHADAP FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI YANG MELAKUKAN PEKERJAAN BEBAS UNTUK MEMBAYAR PAJAK

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Rahayu Utami ◽  
Muzakir Muzakir
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Data Processing Methods

This study aims to analyze how the influence of the tax payer consciousness, knowledge and understanding of tax laws, good perception on the effectiveness of the tax system, and the level of confidence in the government and legal system of the willingness to pay taxes on KPP Kalideres in West Jakarta . Is there a significant and positive effect, or no effect of this study make a previous study as one of the sources of literature and references, but this study has some differences with previous studies. The difference include : population, place, variables, data processing methods, as well as the number of samples used This study uses four independent variables including: (1) Paying taxes consciusness. (2) Knowledge and understanding system of taxtion, indicator: the desire of taxpayers to understand the system perpajkan. (3) a good perception on the effectiveness of the system of taxation. (4) The level of trust in the system of government and law. And the dependent variable is the willingness to pay taxes.

scholarly journals Tendencias y cambio estructural de la participación de la mujer en la actividad económica en 1970 y 2000 / Trends and Structural Changes in Women’s Participation in Economic Activity in 1970 and 2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
José B. Morelos
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Low Levels

Dos son las cuestiones principales que se abordan en el documento. La primera es el cambio en el perfil de las tasas específicas de participación de la mano de obra femenina, que se justifica con fundamento en algunos datos y gráficas presentados por otros autores; la transformación observada constituye una característica adicional del proceso de feminización de los mercados de trabajo. Asimismo, como explicación complementaria se mencionan y comentan las hipótesis del “amortiguador”, de “segmentación” y de “sustitución”. Dicha transformación se observa en los estados clasificados dentro de los niveles de bienestar alto, medio y bajo. La segunda cuestión es la validación de la hipótesis en “U”, y para ello se construyen tres modelos empíricos que corresponden a las tasas de las edades 15-19, 20-49 y 50-64. Como variables independientes se utilizan algunos indicadores demográficos y económicos. Los resultados sugieren la aceptación de la hipótesis en “U” para el caso mexicano. AbstractThis document deals with two main issues. The first is the changing profile of the specific rates of participation of female labor, justified on the basis of certain data and graphs presented by other authors; the transformation observed constitutes an additional feature in the feminization of labor markets. By way of a complementary explanation, the author mentions and comments on the “buffer”, “segmentation” and “substitution” hypotheses. This transformation is observed in the states classified within the high, medium and low levels of welfare. The second issue is the validation of the hypothesis in “U” for which three empirical models were constructed corresponding to the rates for the ages of 15-19, 20-49 and 50-64. Certain demographic and economic indicators were used as independent variables, the results of which suggest the acceptance of the “U” hypothesis for the Mexican case.

Fine Structural Changes in the Microvasculature of the Mouse Pinna: Aging and Radiation Injury

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
S. Phyllis Steamer ◽  
Rosemarie L. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Arterial Stenosis ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Microvascular Changes ◽  
Surrounding Connective Tissue ◽  
Fission Neutrons ◽  
Total Body

The importance of radiation damage to the skin and its vasculature was recognized by the early radiologists. In more recent studies, vascular effects were shown to involve the endothelium as well as the surrounding connective tissue. Microvascular changes in the mouse pinna were studied in vivo and recorded photographically over a period of 12-18 months. Radiation treatment at 110 days of age was total body exposure to either 240 rad fission neutrons or 855 rad 60Co gamma rays. After in vivo observations in control and irradiated mice, animals were sacrificed for examination of changes in vascular fine structure. Vessels were selected from regions of specific interest that had been identified on photomicrographs. Prominent ultrastructural changes can be attributed to aging as well as to radiation treatment. Of principal concern were determinations of ultrastructural changes associated with venous dilatations, segmental arterial stenosis and tortuosities of both veins and arteries, effects that had been identified on the basis of light microscopic observations. Tortuosities and irregularly dilated vein segments were related to both aging and radiation changes but arterial stenosis was observed only in irradiated animals.

Evaluation of single-electron movies of glutamine synthetase molecules

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
E. Zeitler ◽  
M. Kessel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Digital Recording ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Low Exposure

The features of digital recording of a continuous series (movie) of singleelectron TV frames are reported. The technique is used to investigate structural changes in negatively stained glutamine synthetase molecules (GS) during electron irradiation and, as an ultimate goal, to look for the molecules' “undamaged” structure, say, after a 1 e/Å2 dose.The TV frame of fig. la shows an image of 5 glutamine synthetase molecules exposed to 1/150 e/Å2. Every single electron is recorded as a unit signal in a 256 ×256 field. The extremely low exposure of a single TV frame as dictated by the single-electron recording device including the electron microscope requires accumulation of 150 TV frames into one frame (fig. lb) thus achieving a reasonable compromise between the conflicting aspects of exposure time per frame of 3 sec. vs. object drift of less than 1 Å, and exposure per frame of 1 e/Å2 vs. rate of structural damage.

Fine Structural Changes in the Adenohypophyses of Rats Following Destruction of the Pituitary Stalk

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
K. Kovacs ◽  
E. Horvath ◽  
J. M. Bilbao ◽  
F. A. Laszlo ◽  
I. Domokos
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

Electrolytic lesions of the pituitary stalk in rats interrupt adenohypophysial blood flow and result in massive infarction of the anterior lobe. In order to obtain a deeper insight into the morphogenesis of tissue injury and to reveal the sequence of events, a fine structural investigation was undertaken on adenohypophyses of rats at various intervals following destruction of the pituitary stalk.The pituitary stalk was destroyed electrolytically, with a Horsley-Clarke apparatus on 27 male rats of the R-Amsterdam strain, weighing 180-200 g. Thirty minutes, 1,2,4,6 and 24 hours after surgery the animals were perfused with a glutaraldehyde-formalin solution. The skulls were then opened and the pituitary glands removed. The anterior lobes were fixed in glutaraldehyde-formalin solution, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Durcupan. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and investigated with a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Membrane Changes in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes During Ionophore (A23187) - Induced Lysosomal Release

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 482-483
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore ◽  
P.L. Sannes ◽  
H.L. Bank ◽  
S.S. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Enzyme Release ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Pmn Leukocytes ◽  
Intracellular Ion Concentrations ◽  
Membrane Changes ◽  
Pmn Leukocyte

It is thought that calcium and/or magnesium may play important roles in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte functions such as chemotaxis, adhesion and phagocytosis. Yet, a clear understanding of the biological roles of these ions has awaited the development of techniques which permit a selective alteration of intracellular ion concentrations. Recently, treatment of cells with the ionophore A23187 has been used to alter intracellular divalent cation concentrations. This ionophore is a lipid soluble antibiotic produced by Streptomyces chartreusensis that complexes with both calcium and magnesium (3) and is believed to carry these ions across biological membranes (4). Biochemical investigations of human PMN leukocytes demonstrate that cells treated with A23187 and extracellular calcium release their lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular medium without rupturing and releasing their soluble cytoplasmic enzymes (5,6). The aim of the present study and and a companion report (7) was to investigate the structural changes that occur in leukocytes during ionophore-induced lysosomal enzyme release.

The Reaction of Brain Structures with OsO4-Zinc-Iodide Stain

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Werner J. Niklowitz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Hippocampal Tissue ◽  
Zinc Iodide

After intoxication of rabbits with certain substances such as convulsant agents (3-acetylpyridine), centrally acting drugs (reserpine), or toxic metal compounds (tetraethyl lead) a significant observation by phase microscope is the loss of contrast of the hippocampal mossy fiber layer. It has been suggested that this alteration, as well as changes seen with the electron microscope in the hippocampal mossy fiber boutons, may be related to a loss of neurotransmitters. The purpose of these experiments was to apply the OsO4-zinc-iodide staining technique to the study of these structural changes since it has been suggested that OsO4-zinc-iodide stain reacts with neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, catecholamines).Domestic New Zealand rabbits (2.5 to 3 kg) were used. Hippocampal tissue was removed from normal and experimental animals treated with 3-acetylpyridine (antimetabolite of nicotinamide), reserpine (anti- hypertensive/tranquilizer), or iproniazid (antidepressant/monamine oxidase inhibitor). After fixation in glutaraldehyde hippocampal tissue was treated with OsO4-zinc-iodide stain and further processed for phase and electron microscope studies.

Embedding Procedure for Water Swollen Samples

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
Ann M. Thomas ◽  
Virginia Shemeley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Exchange Resins

Those samples which swell rapidly when exposed to water are, at best, difficult to section for transmission electron microscopy. Some materials literally burst out of the embedding block with the first pass by the knife, and even the most rapid cutting cycle produces sections of limited value. Many ion exchange resins swell in water; some undergo irreversible structural changes when dried. We developed our embedding procedure to handle this type of sample, but it should be applicable to many materials that present similar sectioning difficulties.The purpose of our embedding procedure is to build up a cross-linking network throughout the sample, while it is in a water swollen state. Our procedure was suggested to us by the work of Rosenberg, where he mentioned the formation of a tridimensional structure by the polymerization of the GMA biproduct, triglycol dimethacrylate.

Anisotropic radiation damage of potassium tetracyano platinate (KCP)

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
N. Uyeda ◽  
E. J. Kirkland ◽  
B. M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Damage Process ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Fading Rate

The direct observation of structural change by high resolution electron microscopy will be essential for the better understanding of the damage process and its mechanism. However, this approach still involves some difficulty in quantitative interpretation mostly being due to the quality of obtained images. Electron diffraction, using crystalline specimens, has been the method most frequently applied to obtain a comparison of radiation sensitivity of various materials on the quantitative base. If a series of single crystal patterns are obtained the fading rate of reflections during the damage process give good comparative measures. The electron diffraction patterns also render useful information concerning the structural changes in the crystal. In the present work, the radiation damage of potassium tetracyano-platinate was dealt with on the basis two dimensional observation of fading rates of diffraction spots. KCP is known as an ionic crystal which possesses “one dimensional” electronic properties and it would be of great interest to know if radiation damage proceeds in a strongly asymmetric manner.

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