scholarly journals Marginal energy intensity of water supply

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Meagan S. Mauter
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Global Carbon

Reducing global carbon emissions will require diverse industrial sectors to use energy more efficiently, electrify, and operate intermittently. The water sector is a transformation target, but we lack high-resolution energy...

scholarly journals Driving Factors and Future Prediction of Carbon Emissions in the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5455
Author(s):  
Lili Sun ◽  
Huijuan Cui ◽  
Quansheng Ge
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Future Prediction ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
The Belt And Road

‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (B&R) countries play critical roles in mitigating global carbon emission under the Paris agreement, but their driving factors and feasibility to reduce carbon emissions remain unclear. This paper aims to identify the main driving factors (MDFs) behind carbon emissions and predict the future emissions trajectories of the B&R countries under different social-economic pathways based on the extended STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model. The empirical results indicate that GDP per capita and energy consumption structure are the MDFs that promote carbon emission, while energy intensity improvement is the MDF that inhibits carbon emission. Population, as another MDF, has a dual impact across countries. The carbon emissions in all B&R countries are predicted to increase from SSP1 to SSP3, but emissions trajectories vary across countries. Under the SSP1 scenario, carbon emissions in over 60% of B&R countries can peak or decline, and the aggregated peak emissions will amount to 21.97 Gt in 2030. Under the SSP2 scenario, about half of the countries can peak or decline, while their peak emissions and peak time are both higher and later than SSP1, the highest emission of 25.35 Gt is observed in 2050. Conversely, over 65% of B&R countries are incapable of either peaking or declining under the SSP3 scenario, with the highest aggregated emission of 33.10 Gt in 2050. It is further suggested that decline of carbon emission occurs when the inhibiting effects of energy intensity exceed the positive impacts of other MDFs in most B&R countries.

scholarly journals A scalable and spatiotemporally resolved agricultural life cycle assessment of California almonds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Marvinney ◽  
Alissa Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Freshwater Use ◽  
California's Central Valley

Abstract Purpose California’s Central Valley produces more than 75% of global commercial almond supply, making the life cycle performance of almond production in California of global interest. This article describes the life cycle assessment of California almond production using a Scalable, Process-based, Agronomically Responsive Cropping System Life Cycle Assessment (SPARCS-LCA) model that includes crop responses to orchard management and modeling of California’s water supply and biomass energy infrastructure. Methods A spatially and temporally resolved LCA model was developed to reflect the regional climate, resource, and agronomic conditions across California’s Central Valley by hydrologic subregion (San Joaquin Valley, Sacramento Valley, and Tulare Lake regions). The model couples a LCA framework with region-specific data, including water supply infrastructure and economics, crop productivity response models, and dynamic co-product markets, to characterize the environmental performance of California almonds. Previous LCAs of California almond found that irrigation and management of co-products were most influential in determining life cycle CO2eq emissions and energy intensity of California almond production, and both have experienced extensive changes since previous studies due to drought and changing regulatory conditions, making them a focus of sensitivity and scenario analysis. Results and discussion Results using economic allocation show that 1 kg of hulled, brown-skin almond kernel at post-harvest facility gate causes 1.92 kg CO2eq (GWP100), 50.9 MJ energy use, and 4820 L freshwater use, with regional ranges of 2.0–2.69 kg CO2eq, 42.7–59.4 MJ, and 4540–5150 L, respectively. With a substitution approach for co-product allocation, 1 kg almond kernel results in 1.23 kg CO2eq, 18.05 MJ energy use, and 4804 L freshwater use, with regional ranges of 0.51–1.95 kg CO2eq, 3.68–36.5 MJ, and 4521–5140 L, respectively. Almond freshwater use is comparable with other nut crops in California and globally. Results showed significant variability across subregions. While the San Joaquin Valley performed best in most impact categories, the Tulare Lake region produced the lowest eutrophication impacts. Conclusion While CO2eq and energy intensity of almond production increased over previous estimates, so too did credits to the system for displacement of dairy feed. These changes result from a more comprehensive model scope and improved assumptions, as well as drought-related increases in groundwater depth and associated energy demand, and decreased utilization of biomass residues for energy recovery due to closure of bioenergy plants in California. The variation among different impact categories between subregions and over time highlight the need for spatially and temporally resolved agricultural LCA.

scholarly journals The Changes of Carbon Emission in China’s Industrial Sectors from 2002 to 2010: A Structural Decomposition Analysis and Input-Output Subsystem

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoxing Zhang ◽  
Mingxing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Carbon Emission Intensity ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Three Components

Based on 2002–2010 comparable price input-output tables, this paper first calculates the carbon emissions of China’s industrial sectors with three components by input-output subsystems; next, we decompose the three components into effect of carbon emission intensity, effect of social technology, and effect of final demand separately by structure decomposition analysis; at last, we analyze the contribution of every effect to the total emissions by sectors, thus finding the key sectors and key factors which induce the changes of carbon emissions in China’s industrial sectors. Our results show that in the latest 8 years five departments have gotten the greatest increase in the changes of carbon emissions compare with other departments and the effect of final demand is the key factor leading to the increase of industrial total carbon emissions. The decomposed effects show a decrease in carbon emission due to the changes of carbon emission intensity between 2002 and 2010 compensated by an increase in carbon emissions caused by the rise in final demand of industrial sectors. And social technological changes on the reduction of carbon emissions did not play a very good effect and need further improvement.

Convergence of carbon emissions intensity across Chinese industrial sectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 179-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiwei Yu ◽  
Xing Hu ◽  
Jing-li Fan ◽  
Jinhua Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Emissions Intensity

Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Water Regulation in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford V. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Organizations regulating the water sector have major impacts on public health and the sustainability of supply to households, industry, power generation, agriculture, and the environment. Access to affordable water is a human right, but it is costly to produce, as is wastewater treatment. Capital investments required for water supply and sanitation are substantial, and operating costs are significant as well. That means that there are trade-offs among access, affordability, and cost recovery. Political leaders prioritize goals and implement policy through a number of organizations: government ministries, municipalities, sector regulators, health agencies, and environmental regulators. The economic regulators of the water sector set targets and quality standards for water operators and determine prices that promote the financial sustainability of those operators. Their decisions affect drinking water safety and sanitation. In developing countries with large rural populations, centralized water networks may not be feasible. Sector regulators often oversee how local organizations ensure water supply to citizens and address wastewater transport, treatment, and disposal, including non-networked sanitation systems. Both rural and urban situations present challenges for sector regulators. The theoretical rationale for water-sector regulation address operator monopoly power (restricting output) and transparency, so customers have information regarding service quality and operator efficiency. Externalities (like pollution) are especially problematic in the water sector. In addition, water and sanitation enhance community health and personal dignity: they promote cohesion within a community. Regulatory systems attempt to address those issues. Of course, government intervention can actually be problematic if short-term political objectives dominate public policy or rules are established to benefit politically powerful groups. In such situations, the fair and efficient provision of water and sanitation services is not given priority. Note that the governance of economic regulators (their organizational design, values or principles, functions, and processes) creates incentives (and disincentives) for operators to improve performance. Related ministries that provide oversight of the environment, health and safety, urban and housing issues, and water resource management also influence the long-term sustainability of the water sector and associated health impacts. Ministries formulate public policy for those areas under their jurisdiction and monitor its implementation by designated authorities. Ideally, water-sector regulators are somewhat insulated from day-to-day political pressures and have the expertise (and authority) to implement public policy and address emerging sector issues. Many health issues related to water are caused or aggravated by lack of clean water supply or lack of effective sanitation. These problems can be attributed to lack of access or to lack of quality supplied if there is access. The economic regulation of utilities has an effect on public health through the setting of quality standards for water supply and sanitation, the incentives provided for productive efficiency (encouraging least-cost provision of quality services), setting tariffs to provide cash flows to fund supply and network expansion, and providing incentives and monitoring so that investments translate into system expansion and better quality service. Thus, although water-sector regulators tend not to focus directly on health outcomes, their regulatory decisions determine access to safe water and sanitation.

Influencing Factors and Decoupling Analysis of Carbon Emissions in China's Manufacturing Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
baoling jin ◽  
ying Han
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Fixed Asset ◽  
Carbon Productivity ◽  
Fixed Asset Investment

Abstract The manufacturing industry directly reflects national productivity, and it is also an industry with serious carbon emissions, which has attracted wide attention. This study decomposes the influential factors on carbon emissions in China’s manufacturing industry from 1995 to 2018 into industry value added (IVA), energy consumption (E), fixed asset investment (FAI), carbon productivity (CP), energy structure (EC), energy intensity (EI), investment carbon intensity (ICI) and investment efficiency (IE) by Generalized Divisia Index Model (GDIM). The decoupling analysis is carried out to investigate the decoupling states of the manufacturing industry under the pressure of "low carbon" and "economy.” Considering the technological heterogeneity, we study the influential factors and decoupling status of the light industry and the heavy industry. The results show that: (1) Carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry present an upward trend, and the heavy industry is the main contributor. (2) Fixed asset investment (FAI), industry value added (IVA) are the driving forces of carbon emissions. Investment carbon intensity (ICI), carbon productivity (CP), investment efficiency (IE), and energy intensity (EI) have inhibitory effects. The impact of the energy consumption (E) and energy structure (EC) are fluctuating. (3) The decoupling state of the manufacturing industry has improved. Fixed asset investment (FAI), industry value added (IVA) hinder the decoupling; carbon productivity (CP), investment carbon intensity (ICI), investment efficiency (IE), and energy intensity (EI) promote the decoupling.

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