Double hydrophilic copolymers – synthetic approaches, architectural variety, and current application fields

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Nabiyan ◽  
Johannes B. Max ◽  
Felix H. Schacher
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Double hydrophilic copolymers consist of two chemically different but water-soluble segments. We present synthetic approaches and both established as well as emerging applications such as photocatalysis or sensing.

Synthetic approaches towards the preparation of water-soluble fulleropyrrolidines

Carbon ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1551-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Tomberli ◽  
Tatiana Da Ros ◽  
Susanna Bosi ◽  
Maurizio Prato
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Constraint-Based Pattern Discovery

2011 ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bonchi
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Mining ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Frequent Itemset ◽  
Scalable Algorithms ◽  
Large Solution ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
Computational Aspects ◽  
Small Pool ◽  
Application Fields

Devising fast and scalable algorithms, able to crunch huge amount of data, was for many years one of the main goals of data mining research. But then we realized that this was not enough. It does not matter how efficient such algorithms can be, the results we obtain are often of limited use in practice. Typically, the knowledge we seek is in a small pool of local patterns hidden within an ocean of irrelevant patterns generated from a sea of data. Therefore, it is the volume of the results itself that creates a second order mining problem for the human expert. This is, typically, the case of association rules and frequent itemset mining (Agrawal & Srikant, 1994), to which, during the last decade a lot of researchers have dedicated their (mainly algorithmic) investigations. The computational problem is that of efficiently mining from a database of transactions, those itemsets which satisfy a user-defined constraint of minimum frequency. Recently the research community has turned its attention to more complex kinds of frequent patterns extracted from more structured data: sequences, trees, and graphs. All these different kinds of pattern have different peculiarities and application fields, but they all share the same computational aspects: a usually very large input, an exponential search space, and a too large solution set. This situation—too many data yielding too many patterns—is harmful for two reasons. First, performance degrades: mining generally becomes inefficient or, often, simply unfeasible. Second, the identification of the fragments of interesting knowledge, blurred within a huge quantity of mostly useless patterns, is difficult. The paradigm of constraintbased pattern mining was introduced as a solution to both these problems. In such paradigm, it is the user who specifies to the system what is interesting for the current application: constraints are a tool to drive the mining process towards potentially interesting patterns, moreover they can be pushed deep inside the mining algorithm in order to fight the exponential search space curse, and to achieve better performance (Srikant et al., 1997; Ng et al. 1998; Han et al., 1999; Grahne et al., 2000).

SERS-based detection of biomolecules

Nanophotonics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Cialla ◽  
Sibyll Pollok ◽  
Carolin Steinbrücker ◽  
Karina Weber ◽  
Jürgen Popp
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Detection Of Biomolecules ◽  
Application Fields

AbstractIn order to detect biomolecules, different approaches using for instance biological, spectroscopic or imaging techniques are established. Due to the broad variety of these methods, this review is focused on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as an analytical tool in biomolecule detection. Here, the molecular specificity of Raman spectroscopy is combined with metallic nanoparticles as sensor platform, which enhances the signal intensity by several orders of magnitude. Within this article, the characterization of diverse biomolecules by means of SERS is explained and moreover current application fields are presented. The SERS intensity and as a consequence thereof the reliable detection of the biomolecule of interest is effected by distance, orientation and affinity of the molecule towards the metal surface. Furthermore, the great capability of the SERS technique for cutting-edge applications like pathogen detection and cancer diagnosis is highlighted. We wish to motivate by this comprehensive and critical summary researchers from various scientific background to create their own ideas and schemes for a SERS-based detection and analysis of biomolecules.

scholarly journals Outstanding Graphene Quantum Dots from Carbon Source for Biomedical and Corrosion Inhibition Applications: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badreah Ali Al Jahdaly ◽  
Mohamed Farouk Elsadek ◽  
Badreldin Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Fawzy Farahat ◽  
Mohamed M. Taher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Graphene Quantum Dots ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Surface Alteration ◽  
Exact Size ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Graphene quantum dots (GQD) is an efficient nanomaterial composed of one or more layers of graphene with unique properties that combine both graphene and carbon dots (CDs). It can be synthesized using carbon-rich materials as precursors, such as graphite, macromolecules polysaccharides, and fullerene. This contribution emphasizes the utilization of GQD-based materials in the fields of sensing, bioimaging, energy storage, and corrosion inhibitors. Inspired by these numerous applications, various synthetic approaches have been developed to design and fabricate GQD, particularly bottom-up and top-down processes. In this context, the prime goal of this review is to emphasize possible eco-friendly and sustainable methodologies that have been successfully employed in the fabrication of GQDs. Furthermore, the fundamental and experimental aspects associated with GQDs such as possible mechanisms, the impact of size, surface alteration, and doping with other elements, together with their technological and industrial applications have been envisaged. Till now, understanding simple photo luminance (PL) operations in GQDs is very critical as well as there are various methods derived from the optical properties of manufactured GQDs can differ. Lack of determining exact size and morphology is highly required without loss of their optical features. Finally, GQDs are promising candidates in the after-mentioned application fields.

scholarly journals Drug Carriers With Star Polymer Structures

2018 ◽  
pp. S293-S303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KOTRCHOVÁ ◽  
L. KOSTKA ◽  
T. ETRYCH
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Star Polymer ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
The Core ◽  
Polyamidoamine Dendrimers ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methacrylamide ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

In this review we summarize several synthetic approaches to the advanced synthesis of star-like polymer-based drug carriers. Moreover, their application as nanomedicines for therapy or the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases and their biodistribution are reviewed in detail. From a broad spectrum of star-like systems, we focus only on fully water-soluble systems, mainly based on poly(ethylene glycol) or N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide polymer and copolymer arms and polyamidoamine dendrimers serving as the core of the star-like systems.

scholarly journals Current Application Fields of ELECTRE and PROMETHEE: A Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan DURUCASU ◽  
Ahmet AYTEKİN ◽  
Bilal SARAÇ ◽  
Erhan ORAKÇI
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Application Fields

scholarly journals Synthesis of morpholinium salts based on chloroacylated derivatives of dihydroquercetin

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Anton O. Pozdeev ◽  
◽  
Alexander M. Koroteev ◽  
Sofia N. Pimankina ◽  
Mikhail P. Koroteev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Natural Amino Acids ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Low Solubility

The flavonoid dihydroquercetin and its esterified derivatives possess various biological activities and are widely used as dietary supplements and in pharmacology. A significant disadvantage of this flavonoid is its low solubility in water at ordinary temperatures of up to 0.03%, which negatively affects its biological activity. Nature overcomes this problem by glycosylation, sulfation, and phosphorylation. In chemistry and pharmacology to overcome this problem, there are several synthetic approaches. For dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is the inclusion of DHQ in the cyclodextrin matrix or the formation of a complex of DHQ with basic natural amino acids. In this paper, a method is proposed for obtaining water-soluble morpholinium salts based on chloroacylated derivatives of DHQ. The acylation reaction was carried out in dioxane, pyridine was used as an acceptor of choric hydrogen. The target compounds were obtained with a yield of 68-79%. As a result, chlorinated derivatives based on DHQ and its acyl and benzyl derivatives were synthesized. These derivatives in the interaction with morpholine form its salts, which, as it turned out, have a high water solubility. Pentamorpholine salt of DHQ had the highest solubility in water, up to 6.5% at room temperature, which is 200 times more soluble than the original DHQ. The proposed synthetic approach to increase the water solubility of acyl derivatives of DHQ can be extended using other nitrogenous bases and other haloacyl derivatives of DHQ.

scholarly journals Additive manufacturing of photosensitive hydrogels for tissue engineering applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hua Qin ◽  
Aleksandr Ovsianikov ◽  
Jürgen Stampfl ◽  
Robert Liska
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Materials Selection ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

AbstractHydrogels are extensively explored as scaffolding materials for 2D/3D cell culture and tissue engineering. Owing to the substantial complexity of tissues, it is increasingly important to develop 3D biomimetic hydrogels with user-defined architectures and controllable biological functions. To this end, one promising approach is to utilize photolithography-based additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) in combination with photosensitive hydrogels. We here review recent advances in photolithography-based additive manufacturing of 3D hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Given the importance of materials selection, we firstly give an overview of water-soluble photoinitiators for single- and two-photon polymerization, photopolymerizable hydrogel precursors and light-triggered chemistries for hydrogel formation. Through the text we discuss the design considerations of hydrogel precursors and synthetic approaches to polymerizable hydrogel precursors of synthetic and natural origins. Next, we shift to how photopolymerizable hydrogels could integrate with photolithography-based AMTs for creating well-defined hydrogel structures. We illustrate the working-principles of both single- and two-photon lithography and case studies of their applications in tissue engineering. In particular, two-photon lithography is highlighted as a powerful tool for 3D functionalization/construction of hydrogel constructs with μm-scale resolution. Within the text we also explain the chemical reactions involved in two-photon-induced biofunctionalization and polymerization. In the end, we summarize the limitations of available hydrogel systems and photolithography-based AMTs as well as a future outlook on potential optimizations.

A Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin as an Embedding Material for Electron Microscopy of Membranes

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 328-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Robertson ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Electron Microscope Autoradiography ◽  
Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Cell Organization

The extraction of lipids from tissues during fixation and embedding for electron microscopy is widely recognized as a source of possible artifact, especially at the membrane level of cell organization. Lipid extraction is also a major disadvantage in electron microscope autoradiography of radioactive lipids, as in studies of the uptake of radioactive fatty acids by intestinal slices. Retention of lipids by fixation with osmium tetroxide is generally limited to glycolipids, phospholipids and highly unsaturated neutral lipids. Saturated neutral lipids and sterols tend to be easily extracted by organic dehydrating reagents prior to embedding. Retention of the more saturated lipids in embedded tissue might be achieved by developing new cross-linking reagents, by the use of highly water soluble embedding materials or by working at very low temperatures.

Ferritin Labeled Antibody Staining of Thin Sections

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 420-421
Author(s):  
J. D. McLean ◽  
S. J. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Biological Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

The successful application of ferritin labeled antibodies (F-A) to ultrathin sections of biological material has been hampered by two main difficulties. Firstly the normally used procedures for the preparation of material for thin sectioning often result in a loss of antigenicity. Secondly the polymers employed for embedding may non-specifically absorb the F-A. Our earlier use of cross-linked polyampholytes as embedding media partially overcame these problems. However the water-soluble monomers used for this method still extract many lipids from the material.

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