1, 1'-Ferrocenedicarboxylic acid/tetrahydrofuran induced precipitation of calcium carbonate with multi-level structure in water

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Zhou ◽  
Guanghui Wang ◽  
Jie Du ◽  
Qinjiang Zhao ◽  
Xiang Pei
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Multi Level

The system of organic solvent and ligand had been successfully applied to regulate the coordination of metal ions in organic chemistry. Inspired by previous works, we had conducted the study...

HIGHER ORDER CELLULAR AUTOMATA

2005 ◽  
Vol 08 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 169-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
NILS A. BAAS ◽  
TORBJØRN HELVIK
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Multi Level

We introduce a class of dynamical systems called Higher Order Cellular Automata (HOCA). These are based on ordinary CA, but have a hierarchical, or multi-level, structure and/or dynamics. We present a detailed formalism for HOCA and illustrate the concepts through four examples. Throughout the article we emphasize the principles and ideas behind the construction of HOCA, such that these easily can be applied to other types of dynamical systems. The article also presents new concepts and ideas for describing and studying hierarchial dynamics in general.

scholarly journals Hierarchical Structure, Gelatinization, and Digestion Characteristics of Starch from Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Seeds

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Ziman Hu ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Zhuoyan Hu ◽  
Kai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Amylose Content ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Gelatinized Starch ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Longan Seed ◽  
Type Crystal

Starch was isolated from longan seeds of three widely distributed cultivars (Chuliang, Shixia, and Caopu) in China. Comparisons of the multi-level structure of the starch of longan seeds among various cultivars were made, and the relations between these structural and property characteristics are discussed. The isolated starch, accounting for 44.9–49.5% (w/w) in longan seeds, had an oval or an irregular polygonal shape with a smooth surface. Their chain-length distributions (CLDs) varied with longan cultivar; Chuliang showed a larger proportion of longer amylopectin chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) 30~100. This is attributed to the slightly higher relative crystallinity of Chuliang longan seed starch. Apparent differences were also detected in amylose structure. Caopu showed a higher amylose content than Chuliang and Shixia, resulting in its lower gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy change. All longan seed starch had a typical A-type crystal structure with relative crystallinity ranging 28.6–28.9%. For raw starch, Caopu showed the lowest digestion rate, followed by Chuliang; Shixia showed the highest. This is because Caopu had the highest amylose content. Chuliang had a more intact structure than Shixia, as suggested by its higher crystallinity, although they had similar amylose content. After being fully gelatinized, all starch showed a similar digestion process, indicating that the digestibility of gelatinized starch does not differ with starch source or structure.

scholarly journals Effect of Metal Ions, Chemical Agents, and Organic Solvent on Bacillus Sp.R2 Chitinase Activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Amar Cheba ◽  
Taha Ibrahim Zaghloul ◽  
Mohamad Hisham EL-Massry ◽  
Ahmad Rafik EL-Mahdy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Chemical Agents

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by using Calcium Carbonate Extracted from Starfish Treated by Protease and Amylase

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyong-Soo Hong ◽  
Hak Myoung Lee ◽  
Jong Seong Bae ◽  
Myoung Gyu Ha ◽  
Jong Sung Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions
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