A guide to direct mechanocatalysis

Herein, we develop a non-selective charge compensation strategy to prepare multi-single-atom doped carbon (MSAC) in which a sodium p-toluenesulfonate (PTS-Na) doped polypyrrole (S-PPy) polymer is designed to anchor discretionary mixtures of multiple metal cations, including iron (Fe3+), cobalt (Co3+), ruthenium (Ru3+), palladium (Pd2+), indium (In3+), iridium (Ir2+), and platinum (Pt2+) . As illustrated in Figure 1, the carbon surface can be tuned with different level of compositional complexities, including unary Pt1@NC, binary (MSAC-2, (PtFe)1@NC), ternary (MSAC-3, (PtFeIr)1@NC), quaternary (MSAC-4, (PtFeIrRu)1@NC), quinary (MSAC-5, (PtFeIrRuCo)1@NC), senary (MSAC-6, (PtFeIrRuCoPd)1@NC), and septenary (MSAC-7, (PtFeIrRuCoPdIn)1@NC) samples. The structural evolution of carbon surface dictates the activities of both ORR and HER. The senary MSAC-6 achieves the ORR mass activity of 18.1 A·mgmetal-1 at 0.9 V (Vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) over 30K cycles, which is 164 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C. The quaternary MSAC-4 presented a comparable HER catalytic capability with that of Pt/C. These results indicate that the highly complexed carbon surface can enhance its ability over general electrochemical catalytic reactions. The mechanisms regarding of the ORR and HER activities of the alternated carbon surface are also theoretically and experimentally investigated in this work, showing that the synergistic effects amongst the co-doped atoms can activate or inactivate certain single-atom sites.

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Mechanistic Study and Development of Catalytic Reactions of Sm(II)

10.26434/chemrxiv.7355069 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sandepan Maity ◽

Robert Flowers

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Proton Donor ◽

Catalytic Reactions ◽

Mechanistic Study ◽

Mechanistic Studies ◽

Cyclization Reactions ◽

Mechanistic Approach ◽

Donor Source

Despite the broad utility and application of SmI2in synthesis, the reagent is used in stoichiometric amounts and has a high molecular weight, resulting in a large amount of material being used for reactions requiring one or more equivalents of electrons. We report mechanistic studies on catalytic reactions of Sm(II) employing a terminal magnesium reductant and trimethyl silyl chloride in concert with a non-coordinating proton donor source. Reactions using this approach permitted reductions with as little as 1 mol% Sm. The mechanistic approach enabled catalysis employing HMPA as a ligand, facilitating the development of catalytic Sm(II) 5-exo-trig ketyl olefin cyclization reactions.

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Features of Development of the Black Sea Village in 1920s: Materials from the Black Sea Party Obkom Fond in the Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Krai

Herald of an Archivist ◽

10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1128-1136 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1128-1136

Author(s):

Olga V. Bershadskaya ◽

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Black Sea ◽

Distinctive Feature ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Political Development ◽

The Black Sea ◽

Contemporary History ◽

Krasnodar Krai ◽

Geographical Environment ◽

History Of

The article studies features of socio-economic and socio-political development of the Black Sea village in 1920s. Documents from the fond of the Black Sea District Committee (Obkom) of the RCP (b) -VKP (b) stored in the Center for Documentation of the Modern History of the Krasnodar Krai allow not only to reconstruct the developments in the Black Sea village in the NEP days, but also to understand the nature of its evolution. Uniqueness of the Black Sea village was greatly determined by its geographical environment. There had formed a sectoral makeup of agricultural production: fruit-farming, viticulture, tobacco growing. Rugged relief forced peasants to form holdings or farms; therefore rural communities were rare. Its another distinctive feature was its motley national composition. Over 50 ethnic groups inhabited the district, among most numerous were the Russians, the Ukrainians, the Armenians, and the Greeks. In the first years of the NEP, the main tasks facing district authorities were to develop ‘high-intensity’ industries and to shape local peasant farms into food base for cities and resorts. While tackling these tasks, they had to deal with shortages of land and poor communications and to bring lease relations and work-hands employment up to scratch. The situation was complicated by socio-political inertia of rural population of the district that came from the absence of community tradition. Study of the documents from the fond of the Black Sea party obkom shows that local authorities were well aware of the peculiarity of their region, but in most cases had to follow guidelines set ‘from above’ to introduce all-Russian standards.

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الجامعة الاسلامية العالمية بماليزيا وودورها فى تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها International Islamic University of Malaysia and Its Role in Teaching Arabic to Non-Native Speakers

Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) ◽

10.31436/jia.v10i2.396 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

علاء حسنى المزين (Alaa Hosni)

Keyword(s):

Distinctive Feature ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Strong Connection ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The World ◽

Islamic Identity ◽

Islamic Civilization ◽

The University ◽

Scientific Documentation

كان من أهم الآثار الإيجابية للصحوة الإسلامية التى عمت العالم الإسلامى بشكل ملحوظ منذ أوائل السبعينيات فى القرن العشرين زيادة إقبال الشعوب الإسلامية على تعلم اللغة العربية، وبدأ الاهتمام الحقيقى لجامعات العالم الإسلامى بتوفير مساقات متخصصة لهذا الغرض منذ أوائل الثمانينات، وكانت الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا التى أسست سنة 1983 من أنشط الجامعات فى هذا الصدد، وهو نشاط استلفت نظر الباحث إذ وجده يستحق الرصد والتوثيق العلمى، والمراجعة إذا اقتضت الضرورة لا بهدف الإشادة بالتجربة بل رغبة فى الإفادة والاستفادة من قبل المختصين من المهتمين بهذا الميدان الحيوى من ميادين خدمة اللغة العربية بل خدمة الإسلام، وحضارته نظرا للارتباط الوثيق بين اللغة العربية وهذا الدين الحنيف باعتبارها لغة كتابه الخالد، والمعلم الرئيس من معالم الهوية الإسلامية المميزة والصمود الحضارى.*****************************************************One of the most positive effects of the Islamic awakening since the early seventies, in the twentieth century, which spread across the Islamic world in a significant manner, has been the increased Muslims’ interest in learning the Arabic language all over the world. There began a real interest in the universities of the Muslim world for the Arabic language by providing specialized courses for this purpose since the early eighties and the International Islamic University Malaysia established in 1983 has been the most active university in this regard. And this activity of the university drew the interest of the researcher who found it worthy of investigation and scientific documentation as well as of revision, if necessary, not in order to pay tribute to the experience, but for taking advantage and learning from specialists interested in this vital field of the fields of Arabic language service which is actually service of Islam and its civilization considering the strong connection between Islam and the Arabic language, the language of the Qur’Én , the most distinctive feature of Islamic identity and resilience of Islamic civilization.

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