scholarly journals Artificial plant cell walls as multi-catalyst systems for enzymatic cooperative asymmetric catalysis in non-aqueous media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Deiana ◽  
Abdolrahim Rafi ◽  
Veluru Ramesh Naidu ◽  
Cheuk-Wai Tai ◽  
Jan-Erling Backvall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Catalysis ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
Powerful Strategy

The assembly of cellulose-based artificial plant cell wall (APCW) structures that contain different types of catalysts, is a powerful strategy for the development of cascade reactions. Here we disclose an...

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson ◽  
Azharul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

scholarly journals A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

scholarly journals Plant cell wall chemistry: implications for ruminant utilisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
X. Li
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Cell Wall Chemistry ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Composition Structure

Ruminants have adapted to cope with bulky, fibrous forage diets by accommodating a large, diverse microbial population in the reticulo-rumen. Ruminants are dependent on forages as their main sources of energy and other nutrients. Forages are comprised of a complex matrix of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein, minerals and phenolic compounds (including lignin and tannins) with various linkages; many of which are poorly defined. The composition and characteristics of polysaccharides vary greatly among forages and plant cell walls. Plant cell walls are linked and packed together in tight configurations to resist degradation, and hence their nutritional value to animals varies considerably, depending on composition, structure and degradability. An understanding of the inter-relationship between the chemical composition and the degradation of plant cell walls by rumen microorganisms is of major economic importance to ruminant production. Increasing the efficiency of fibre degradation in the rumen has been the subject of extensive research for many decades. This review summarises current knowledge of forage chemistry in order to develop strategies to increase efficiency of forage utilisation by ruminants.

scholarly journals Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Li-Jun Huang ◽  
Dan Feng ◽  
Wenhan Jiang ◽  
Wenzhuo Miu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Organelles

Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Underlying the Rhizosphere-To-Rhizoplane Enrichment of Cellvibrio Unveiled by Genome-Centric Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Yunzeng Zhang ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
Entao Wang ◽  
Nian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Gene Gain ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Plant Cell Wall Degradation

Maintaining integrity of the plant cell walls is critical for plant health, however, our previous study showed that Cellvibrio, which is recognized by its robust ability to degrade plant cell walls, was enriched from the citrus rhizosphere to the rhizoplane (i.e., the root surface). Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying the rhizosphere-to-rhizoplane enrichment of Cellvibrio through genome-centric metagenomics and metatranscriptomics analyses. We recovered a near-complete metagenome-assembled genome representing a potentially novel species of Cellvibrio, herein designated Bin79, with genome size of 5.71 Mb across 11 scaffolds. Differential gene expression analysis demonstrated that plant cell wall degradation genes were repressed, whereas genes encoding chitin-degrading enzymes were induced in the rhizoplane compared with the rhizosphere. Enhanced expression of multi-drug efflux genes and iron acquisition- and storage-associated genes in the rhizoplane indicated mechanisms by which Bin79 competes with other microbes. In addition, genes involved in repelling plant immune responses were significantly activated in the rhizoplane. Comparative genomics analyses with five related Cellvibrio strains showed the importance of gene gain events for the rhizoplane adaptation of Bin79. Overall, this study characterizes a novel Cellvibrio strain and indicates the mechanisms involved in its adaptation to the rhizoplane from meta-omics data without cultivation.

scholarly journals Redesigning plant cell walls for the biomass-based bioeconomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (44) ◽  
pp. 15144-15157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Carpita ◽  
Maureen C. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance

Lignocellulosic biomass—the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose that comprise major components of the plant cell well—is a sustainable resource that could be utilized in the United States to displace oil consumption from heavy vehicles, planes, and marine-going vessels and commodity chemicals. Biomass-derived sugars can also be supplied for microbial fermentative processing to fuels and chemicals or chemically deoxygenated to hydrocarbons. However, the economic value of biomass might be amplified by diversifying the range of target products that are synthesized in living plants. Genetic engineering of lignocellulosic biomass has previously focused on changing lignin content or composition to overcome recalcitrance, the intrinsic resistance of cell walls to deconstruction. New capabilities to remove lignin catalytically without denaturing the carbohydrate moiety have enabled the concept of the “lignin-first” biorefinery that includes high-value aromatic products. The structural complexity of plant cell-wall components also provides substrates for polymeric and functionalized target products, such as thermosets, thermoplastics, composites, cellulose nanocrystals, and nanofibers. With recent advances in the design of synthetic pathways, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as a substrate at various length scales for liquid hydrocarbon fuels, chemicals, and materials. In this review, we describe the architectures of plant cell walls and recent progress in overcoming recalcitrance and illustrate the potential for natural or engineered biomass to be used in the emerging bioeconomy.

Effects of lasalocid and cationomycin on the digestion of plant cell walls in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Bogaert ◽  
L. Gomez ◽  
J. P. Jouany
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Flow Measurements

The effect of lasalocid and cationomycin on plant cell wall digestion was tested in a Latin square design experiment over three periods on six adult sheep fed three diets: a control diet (T) without antibiotics, a diet (L) with 33 mg kg−1 of lasalocid, and a diet (C) with 33 mg kg−1 of cationomycin. The dry matter and plant cell wall digestibilities were not affected by the addition of antibiotics. The digestive flow measurements at the duodenum showed that the antibiotic had no effect on the apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter and plant cell walls along the digestive tract. This was confirmed by the in sacco feed and pure cellulose rumen degradation measurements. Lasalocid, however, decreased the true digestion of feed dry matter in the rumen, as shown by the duodenal flow measurements after being corrected for microbial dry matter. Compared with the control diet, diets (L) and (C) increased the propionate percentage in the rumen VFA mixture (T = 14.9, L = 19.4, C = 18.9) and decreased acetate (T = 66.1, L = 63.8, C = 65.7) and butyrate (T = 14.1, L = 12.7, C = 11.7) percentages. The addition of antibiotics decreased the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration by 14%. The CO2 to CH4 ratio in the gas mixture was, however, not statistically modified, and no ionophore effect was observed on the protozoa mean population. Key words: Lasalocid, cationomycin, digestion, cell wall carbohydrates, sheep, rumen

scholarly journals A label-free, fast and high-specificity technique for plant cell wall imaging and composition analysis

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background New cell wall imaging tools permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which will aid efforts to use these polymers in multiple applications; however, detailed imaging and quantification of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging. Results Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy, including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which can be used to visualize the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. We outline the major steps of the procedure, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls. Conclusions This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

scholarly journals Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 2049-2077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Gigli-Bisceglia ◽  
Timo Engelsdorf ◽  
Thorsten Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Wall Integrity ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Maintenance Mechanism ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Composition And Structure

AbstractThe walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.

scholarly journals Determination of Subunit Composition of Clostridium cellulovorans Cellulosomes That Degrade Plant Cell Walls

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1610-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Murashima ◽  
Akihiko Kosugi ◽  
Roy H. Doi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Clostridium Cellulovorans ◽  
Plant Cell Wall Degradation

ABSTRACT Clostridium cellulovorans produces a cellulase enzyme complex (cellulosome). In this study, we isolated two plant cell wall-degrading cellulosomal fractions from culture supernatant of C. cellulovorans and determined their subunit compositions and enzymatic activities. One of the cellulosomal fractions showed fourfold-higher plant cell wall-degrading activity than the other. Both cellulosomal fractions contained the same nine subunits (the scaffolding protein CbpA, endoglucanases EngE and EngK, cellobiohydrolase ExgS, xylanase XynA, mannanase ManA, and three unknown proteins), although the relative amounts of the subunits differed. Since only cellobiose was released from plant cell walls by the cellulosomal fractions, cellobiohydrolases were considered to be key enzymes for plant cell wall degradation.

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